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Puritanism: The haunting fear someone, somewhere may be happy.

H.L. Mencken

Did they behead people who fought against them?

This is what happens when you don’t do your IDs!!

Cut down maypoles?

What do you think this is? Red Day?

Did they hang women?

A fate for all who do not practice our religion?

Drink Beer?

This will cure what ails you!

Did they have no sense of humor or fun?

Who were these people?

Let’s find out!

Puritanism began in England as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation. Puritans believed that all non-biblical items needed to be removed from the church. In other words the church needed purified.

White Horse Tavern

To Teach You The Basics of Puritan Beliefs T

: Total Depravity. Humans are innately sinful—“Original Sin.”

U

: Unconditional Election. Predestination.

God, not actions, decide who is “elected” to be saved.

L

: Limited Atonement. Jesus’s death only atones for the sins of the chosen.

I

: Irresistible Grace. God’s grace—or saving power—cannot be earned or refused; it cannot be invited or resisted.

P

: Perseverance of the Saints: The “saints,” those chosen for grace, will be preserved by God and will have the power to live uprightly.

But who were the Pilgrims?

The Embarkment of the Pilgrims from Holland 1620

by Robert W. Weir

The radical faction of puritanism that moved from England to Holland to escape contamination of their beliefs are known as

PILGRIMS

to us today.

The Dutch were influencing their English ways so the Pilgrims then decided to move to …

They left Holland stopped off in England then sailed to America.

Massachusetts England The Netherlands

What was the Mayflower Compact?

► It was signed by 41 freemen and served as the basis for the Plymouth Colony’s government throughout its history.

Some non-Pilgrims (61 of the 102 on the Mayflower) talked of striking out on their own since the Mayflower did not land in northern Virginia as planned and they felt there would be no government. Pilgrim leaders knew they needed these “strangers” and to allay their fears the document was composed creating a

“civil body politic.”

Signed Nov. 11, 1620

The text was included in a book about Plymouth Colony printed in 1622, known as Mourt’s Relation. Governor William Bradford also copied it into his history of Plymouth Colony.

The list of 41 signers first appeared in a book by another colonist, Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memoriall, published in 1669.

December 6-12, 1620 The Pilgrims docked the Mayflower in Cape Cod and sent out an exploratory party.

Better be They decided Plymouth was the place to settle. Indians!!!

Native Americans shot arrows at the Pilgrims during their first encounter.

They arrive at Plymouth in December of 1620

So, what’s the difference between Pilgrims and Puritans ?

► Pilgrims Plymouth were puritans who settled seeking to reform their church.

► Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay were pilgrims. (Note the lower case.)

Survival Rates

► ► ► ► The first few months were grueling for the pilgrims.

Half of their 102 members perished: "of the 17 male heads of families, ten died during the first infection"; of the 17 wives, only three were left after three months.

► ► ► ►

There were a 1,000 settlers in that first group of Puritans.

Two hundred died that winter and two hundred more returned to England the following spring.

But, in the next ten years, 20,000 persons, most from England and most of the Puritan philosophy, immigrated to Massachusetts to form the backbone of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. And, then, it was over. There was hardly any further migration into New England until after the Revolution.

► In the following list of the Mayflower passengers the names of those pilgrims who did not survive the winter appear in blue.

John Carver Allerton Martin Turner William Brewster Edward Winslow Samuel Fuller William Mullens Warren John Billington Rogers Thomas Tinker John Rigdale James Chilton Edward Fuller John Francis Eaton John Crackston William White Edward Tillie Moses Fletcher John Tillie John Alden William Bradford Isaac Capt. Miles Standish Steven Hopkins Chrisopher Richard Francis Cook Thomas his wife Catherine , a boy William Latham Wrasling; and a child Jasper More a boy Richard More ; three manservants: John Howland, Roger Wilder, and one unnamed. his wife Mary and sons Love and and his brother. his wife Elizabeth and a girl Ellen More (sister of Richard); two manservants George Sowle and Elias Story. his wife Dorothy Remember and Mary; . his wife Mary and their three children Bartholomew, and a servant boy John Hooke Butten died during the voyage . his son John. . his manservant William his wife Rose his wife (name unknown); and two servants Solomon Prower and John Langmore . his wife and two children Joseph and Edward Lister. and Priscilla; a servant Robert Carter servants William Holbeck and Edward Thomson . his wife Susanna, a son Resolved, and a child born during the voyage Peregrine; two . his wife Elizabeth and children Giles, Constanta, Damaris and Oceanus; two servants Edward Doty his wife Ellen and sons John and Francis. his wife Ann and young cousins Henry Samson and Humility Cooper. his wife Elizabeth and their daughter. his son John. his son Joseph. his wife and son (names unknown) his wife Alice . his wife Mary and one daughter his wife and son Samuel two sons (names unknown) his wife Sarah and young son Samuel. his party included John Goodman, Thomas Williams, Digerie Priest , Edmund Margerson , Peter Browne, Richard Britteridge, Richard Clarke , Richard Gardiner and Gilbert Winslow.

► ► The Pilgrims

Economics

role in the economies of their colonies.

at Plymouth were, for the most part, yeomen - working people.

They always had a struggling economy and practiced communal living.

► The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay, by contrast, were better educated, more economically and socially successful, and brought with them educated clergy to give leadership to both the church and the community

Government

You better listen and do as ► I say since I have my authority from GOD!!!

were elected to office were bound by the terms of the covenant just as were all members of the community; they were in that sense equals. Philosophically, therefore, Plymouth's government came close to being a true democracy; ►

its elected officers derived their powers by the consent of the governed within the terms of their shared covenant.

► ► In

Massachusetts Bay

book Story of John Winthrop way: We will rule by the consent of the , a more English philosophy prevailed. The Governor, Deputy Governor, Assistants, and other officers were chosen by the people. Once chosen, however, they understood themselves to be ruling with divine authority. Edmund Morgan, in his The Puritan Dilemma; The , put it this

"Rulers, however selected, received their authority from God, not from the people, and were accountable to God, not to the people."

PILGRIMS

►

ARRIVED 1620

► ►

GOVERNORS: CARVER & BRADFORD PLYMOUTH COLONY

► ► ►

FRIENDLY W/ INDIANS, PAID FOR LAND COMMUNAL LIVING; CONSENSUS OF THE GOVERNERED SEPARATISTS

►

NO CASES OF EXECUTION OR PROSECUTION OF WITCHES

PURITANS

►

ARRIVED 1630

►

GOVERNOR: WINTHROP

►

MASSACHUSETTES BAY COLONY

► ►

INDIAN PROBLEMS FROM THE OUTSET AUTHORITARIAN

► ►

“PURIFIED” THE CHURCH FROM WITHIN PROSECUTED AND EXECUTED FOR WITCHCRAFT

Salem Witch Trials 1692

Have you seen this woman hurt you?

I have never afflicted no child! Never in my life!

Yes, she beat me this morning!

Main causes of the trials:

► The colony was waiting for a new governor and had no charter to enforce laws. ► New England towns were under attack by Native Americans and French Canadians.

► In a world where people saw the Devil lurking behind every misfortune, it is little wonder they believed evil spirits were at work.

Puritan conformity

► In keeping with the Puritan code of conformity, the first women to be accused of witchcraft in Salem were seen as different and as social outcasts: Tituba, a slave; Sarah Good, a homeless beggar; and Sarah Osborne, a sickly old woman who married her servant.

World of the accusing young girls.

► ► ► ► ► In 1692, children were expected to behave under the same strict code as the adults— There was little to feed their imagination that did not warn of sin and eternal punishment.

It is no wonder that young girls were so captivated by Tituba’s magical stories and fortune-telling games. These activities were strictly forbidden, which must have filled them with fear and guilt. This may have been one reason for their hysterical behavior.

Rye mold which contain the chemical basis for LSD has also been mentioned as a possible cause

Economics differences…

► Families with ties to the wealth of the port of Salem had become estranged from those whose occupations still centered on agriculture.

Most accused of being witches were burned in Europe, but in the American colonies, they were hanged.

► The girls may have sparked the witch hunt, but it was the adults who set the wheels into motion.

►

The hangings in 1692 Salem of accused witches would be the last ones in America.

19 were hanged and one pressed to death.

Education in Massachusetts

► Just 6 years after Massachusetts was formed, the colony established Harvard College, in 1636.

An Act passed in Massachusetts in 1647 required "that every town of one hundred families or more should provide free common and grammar school instruction." Indeed, the first "Free Grammar School" was established in Boston in 1635, only five years after the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded

The oldest school in America is Boston Latin School founded in 1635.

► America’s first public school offered instruction to boys, rich or poor free of charge ► Benjamin Franklin attended classes not long before he dropped out of school forever. Boston Latin School is still in operation in the Fenway neighborhood Franklin statue outside Boston Latin School This is the site where the school once stood in of Boston .

Boston.

What was the role of Pilgrim and Puritan women?

► Men and Women Were Considered Spiritual Equals

Men were seen as church leaders but women were seen as more disciplined and moral.

Few male leaders, especially religious leaders, could survive the widespread disapproval of a community's women.

Pilgrim women and their rights.

► ► ► ► ► Most Pilgrim women were treated the same as Puritan women: Pilgrim women lived in a society which believed that women were created by God for man's benefit, and for him to subjugate.

Women could not talk in church or interpret scripture Women were generally taught to read, but generally not taught to write– A husband could discipline his wife, just as he could discipline his children.

► ► ► ► ► But there were some advancements: Pilgrims also believed that husbands were to love their wives like Christ loved the church.

Women in Plymouth had the right to buy, sell and own property. Women in Plymouth had more say in their marriages--they chose who they would or would not marry, although if it was a first marriage the father generally had an extralegal "veto" power, but otherwise it was her decision.

If she was visibly injured by her husband the court took punitive action

When the Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691, Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony.

Separation of Church and State

► In 1692 in Massachusetts a new charter expressed the change from a theocratic to a political, secular state; suffrage was stripped of religious qualifications

People you need to know.

William Bradford

William Bradford served as governor of Plymouth for 15 two year terms.

His greatest contribution was his hand written journal detailing the first 30 years of Plymouth. Parts of it were published as :

Of Plymouth Plantation.

Another contribution was changing communal agriculture to privatized production.

Edward Winslow

doing here?

Winslow was Plymouth’s agent to London.

He served as governor of Plymouth for two terms.

He was in charge of diplomatic relations with Native Americans and became friends with Massasoit the leader of the Wampanoag Indians.

John Winthrop

When was the Pequot War?

► “ For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.

“ ► Led a group of English their governor Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 and was elected ► Presided over the slaughter of hundreds of Pequot Indians and the enslavement of many others for export to the Bahamas where they were exchanged for sugar and rum.

Squanto (Tisquantum)

► ►

Kidnapped in 1605 by English merchants, he was taken to England and worked for Sir Gorges who had received a land patent for what is today Maine.

Squanto returned as an interpreter for English sea captains mapping the New England coast in 1614

Sqanto’s adventure continues

► ► ►

Promised his freedom by John Smith, Sqanto was tricked in a trading scheme to stay on ship. When Smith left, Captain Thomas Hunt kidnapped the Indian trading party, along with Sqanto.

He, along with the other captives, was taken to Spain, and rescued by some local friars.

In 1618 he left on a ship bound for Newfoundland but was recognized by a friend of Sir Gorges, and was taken back to England.

Squanto finally returns to America for good.

► ► ► Squanto was sent back to America with Thomas Dermer, the man who found him in Newfoundland, to explore natural resources and re-initiate trade with the Indians who were still angry about the trading party’s kidnapping by Hunt.

In 1619, when they reached Squanto’s home of Patuxet, they found the entire tribe had been wiped out in a plague in 1617.

Squanto was the only Patuxet who remained so he moved in with a neighboring tribe-the Wampanoags-headed by Massasoit.

Massasoit

Squanto meets the Pilgrims.

► Massasoit sent Squanto to negotiate a peace settlement with the Pilgrims since he spoke English so well.

► Squanto first meets the Pilgrims on March 22, 1621.

► In the peace treaty the Pilgrims and Wampanoag agreed to a military alliance.

► He befriended the Pilgrims, and taught them how to manure their corn, where to catch fish and eels, and acted as their interpreter and guide.

► ► ►

Squanto abuses his power.

By late 1621 he was using his position with the Pilgrims for his own gain- threatening many Indians that if they did not do as he told them, he would have the Pilgrims "release the plague" against them. Ha! As if these actually release a plague from a barrel in the ground!

When Massasoit learned that Tisquantum was abusing his position to steal power, he demanded Squanto be turned over to him to be executed. The Pilgrims were required to turn Squanto over, according to the peace treaty they had signed with one another. But the Pilgrims felt they needed Squanto's services, so they stalled-never releasing him to Massasoit He lived the rest of his days in Plymouth.

His death is recorded by William Bradford.

► ► in November 1623, while on a trading expedition to the Massachusetts Indians, Tisquantum came down with Indian fever, his nose began to bleed, and he died.

Governor William Bradford, perhaps Squanto's closest friend and associate among the Pilgrims, wrote the following about his sudden death: ► In this place Squanto fell sick of an Indian fever, bleeding much at the nose (which the Indians take for a symptom of death) and within a few days died there; desiring the Governor to pray for him that he might go to the Englishman's God in Heaven; and bequeathed sundry of his things to sundry of his English friends as remembrances of his love; of whom they had great loss.

Squanto is buried in an unmarked grave on Burial Hill in Plymouth.

Anne Hutchinson

► of the Her espousal of the covenant of grace as opposed to the covenant of works (i.e., she tended to believe that faith alone was necessary to salvation) and her claim that she could identify the elect among the colonists caused John Cotton, John Winthrop, and other former friends to view her as an antinomian heretic.

Roger Williams

► He questioned the right of the colonists to take the Indians' land from them merely on the legal basis of the royal charter and in other ways ran afoul of the oligarchy then ruling Massachusetts. In 1635 he was found guilty of spreading "new authority of magistrates" and was ordered to be banished from the colony.

Thomas Hooker

► ► ► In 1636, Thomas Hooker led his congregation west to found the new English settlement at Hartford, Connecticut. One of the reasons he left was a disagreement over who could vote or hold office. John Winthrop insisted on church membership, but Hooker believed all property owners should be permitted to participate.

He is also remembered for his role in creating the “Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.”

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

► In the spring of 1638, Reverend Thomas Hooker challenged the General Court to set down and fix the principles of that government. It was his view that "the foundation of authority is laid in the free consent of the people".

► It has the features of a written constitution, and is largely considered the

first written Constitution in

Western history, and thus earned Connecticut its nickname of The Constitution State .

King Philip (Metacom)

► The bloodiest war in America's history, on a per capita basis, took place in New England in 1675 against King Philip and his alliances.

► "I am determined not to live until I have no country." ► How was he related to Massasoit?

► Over 350 years ago the Puritans set foot in America, and they still hold an important place in US culture..

Their portrayals are found everywhere including in the US Capitol The Pilgrims in the Rotunda Statuary Hall

They have inspired our artwork and furniture…

…and the Puritan Work Ethic

► These authors argue that the energy, social mobility, competitiveness and capacity for innovation, all of which lie at the heart of our culture, have their origins in the discipline and ethos of America’s first wave of European immigrants: the Puritans.

They have influenced our literature…

► When the 'Red Scare' of the 1950s took hold of the United States, Arthur Miller would translate Puritanism into a metaphor for McCarthyism in The Crucible . You will learn more about this literature from me, so make sure you listen! It could help you on the AP US Exam!!!

References to them are all over…

► On our clothes… ► And various other items…

Especially in our political cartoons…

► Lots on the immigration controversy-

Dept. of Homeland Security…

…and partisan politics

…and of course

How it began.

► The Pilgrims, Wampanoag and Thanksgiving were first linked together in 1841, when historian Alexander Young rediscovered Edward Winslow’s account of the 1621 harvest celebration.

Fact vs. Fiction

► ► ► ► The harvest celebration of autumn, 1621, was quite plainly neither a fast day nor a thanksgiving day in the eyes of the Pilgrims.

Rather it was a secular celebration which included games, recreations, three days of feasting and Indian guests. It would have been unthinkable to have these things as part of a religious Thanksgiving.

The actual first declared Thanksgiving occurred in 1623, after a providential rain shower saved the colony’s crops.

A National Day of Thanksgiving…

► Massachusetts’ annual Thanksgiving Day, held on the last Thursday of November, was absorbed by the national Thanksgiving Day established by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863.

►

So did they hang women?

►

Place enemies heads on poles?

►

Cut down maypoles?

►

Drink beer?

You betcha!!!

Drink is in it self a good creature of God, and to be received with After his death, his wife and eight-year-old son were captured and sold as slaves in Bermuda while his head was mounted on a pike entrance to Fort Plymouth, where it remained for over two decades. -Increase Mather at the

Quakers being led to their execution

.

No maypoles allowed!

Can I be excused? My brain is full!