Transcript Chinese Dynasties

Chapter 13
Spread of Civilizations
in East Asia
(500–1650)
The fall of the Han
• Leaders began to weaken and became more
interested in pleasure than in ruling their
kingdom
• Invasions from groups such as the Huns
• Peasant revolts opposing harsh taxes.
• Warlords fought for power over provinces of
China.
• Long period of unrest and virtual anarchy
follow the fall of the Han. No new dynasty for
400 years
The Sui Dynasty
581-618 AD
• In 581 the Sui emerged as a new dynasty
after nearly 400 years without an emperor.
• Emperor Sui Yangdi built the
___________that linked the Huang He to
the Yangtze River.
• Sui used slave labor to build the Canal and
also raised taxes to pay for an extravagant
lifestyle. He also engaged in several failed
military ventures.
The Tang Dynasty
618-907
• The Tang overthrew the Sui emperor and created a
new dynasty. They ruled much fairer and kinder
than the Sui. They did away with any extravagant
projects that drained money from the people. They
lowered ___________.
• They were also more successful in wars. They
expanded the borders of China to almost rival the
empire of the Han. They conquered both
___________ and Tibet
Achievements of the Tang
• Trade was revitalized along the
Silk Road and goods and
technologies as well as cultures
was exchanged
• They were most famous for their
efficient government and its huge
___________. ___________ was
again employed and the _____
______ exams returned to
popularity.
• The people who passed the exams
and worked for the government
became known as ___________
Tang Advancements Continued
• ___________ was invented,
fireworks and rockets soon
followed as well as grenades
and canons
• Block printing and movable
type led to mass production of
books.
• Porcelain production
• ___________ Clock
The Empress Wu Zhao
• First ___________ ruler of China
• After the death of her husband ruled on her own
• She lowered taxes, encouraged ___________
production, reduced the amount of forced labor
peasants had to contribute to the government, she
hired the best scholars and artists to work for her.
• She pushed hard for more rights for women but was
forced to resign and be replaced by her son when
she tried to allow women to take civil service tests.
• The Empire collapsed ________years later. When
civil wars and foreign invasions broke up the empire
Song Dynasty
Song(pronounced Sung) Dynasty
• The Song Dynasty 960-1279) followed the
Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten
Kingdoms and preceded the ___________
Dynasty in China.
• The period is divided into the Northern Song
(960-1127) in which the Song controlled both
Northern and Southern China, and the
___________ Song (1127-1279) in which the
Song lost control of Northern China
Inventions and Advancements of
the Song
•
•
•
•
•
Paper money
Movable type for printing press
Magnetic Compass
Seismograph
Golden Age of Art and Literature as well
Song Goverment
• The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective
centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholarofficials
• This system of civilian rule led to a greater
concentration of power in the emperor and his palace
bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous
dynasties.
• The Song dynasty is notable for the development of
cities not only for administrative purposes but also as
centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce
Song Society
• The landed scholar-officials, sometimes collectively
referred to as the ___________, lived in the provincial
centers alongside the shopkeepers, artisans, and
merchants.
• A new group of wealthy commoners - the mercantile
class - arose as printing and education spread,
private trade grew, and a market economy began to
link the coastal provinces and the interior
• Landholding and government employment were no
longer the only means of gaining wealth and prestige.
Song Culture
• Adopted the Tang ideal of the universal man,
who combined the qualities of scholar, poet,
painter, and statesman
• Song i ___________ sought answers to all
philosophical and political questions in the
Confucian Classics. This renewed interest in
the Confucian ideals and society of ancient
times coincided with the decline of
___________
Status of Women
• ___________ to men increases
• Women were looked at as decoration not as
people.
• _____ ______
• Less affected by this degradation were the
peasant women who still worked in the field
and were considered essential to making
ends meet.
Tang and Song Dynasties
Summaries
1
The Tang and Song dynasties unified China and
restored culture and prosperity.
TANG
SONG
Helped restore uniform government
Expanded the Chinese economy
Recruited Confucian scholars for
civil service jobs
Developed new strains of rice and
improved irrigation methods
Developed new code of law
Instituted ___________
___________, which helped to
strengthen central government by
weakening large landowners
Produced food surpluses, enabling
more people to pursue commerce,
learning, and the arts
Encouraged foreign trade
Built a system of canals, which
encouraged internal trade and
transportation
Encouraged foreign trade
Transformed cities into centers of
trade
1
Technology of Tang and Song
China
Mechanical clock, 700s
The Chinese learned of water-powered clocks from Middle Easterners.
Mechanical clocks used a complex series of wheels, shafts, and pins,
turning at a steady rate, to tell exact time.
Gunpowder, 850
The earliest form of gunpowder was made from a mixture of saltpeter,
sulfur, and charcoal, all found in abundance in China. It was first used in
fireworks and later in weapons.
Block printing, 700s
Both printing processes were based on earlier techniques, such as seals (first used in the
Middle East). In block printing, a full page of characters was carved onto a wooden block.
Movable type was made up of precut characters that were combined to form a page.
1
Chinese Society
Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well-ordered
society.
GENTRY
• Most scholar-officials were ___________, from the wealthy landowning class.
• Song scholar-gentry supported a revival of Confucian thought.
• The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar.
PEASANTS
• Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land.
• Peasants could move up in society through education and government service.
MERCHANTS
• According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even lower class than
peasants because their riches came from the labor of others.
• Confucian attitudes toward merchants affected economic policy.
The Mongols
Their effects on China and Japan
Mongols Unite
• ___________ ___________ unites
all the Mongols into one force
• The Mongols create the largest
united land empire in history. They
destroyed Muslim cites in
Southwest and Central Asia,
• The Mongols were great warriors
from the Asia ___________
• They conquered through fear and
intimidation.
Genghis Khan’s Tactics
• Organizer-He organized his army into units
• Strategist-Used tricks to confuse his
enemies
• Adopted new techniques-used gunpowder
charges and created catapults
• Used cruelty as a weapon- Killed the whole
population of cities so other cites would
surrender quickly
The Khanates
• Khanate of the Golden Horde-Western Russia
• Ilkhanate-Middle East
• Chigatai Khanate- Mongolia, Modern day
Afghanistan and Pakistan
• Khanate of Great Khan-Eastern Russia China, and
Tibet
• This unity created a period known as Mongol
Peace
• A khanate is a portion of the Mongol Empire
2
Mongol Empire
Mongol Peace
• Lasted from mid 1200’s to mid-1300’s.
• The Mongols imposed stability, law and
order throughout much of Eurasia.
• Guaranteed safe passage of caravans,
travelers, and missionaries, from one end of
the Empire to the other.
• Trade between Europe and Asia thrived like
never before. Goods such as gunpowder and
silk were spread.
• Black Plague spread as well
Kublai Khan, the Son of Heaven and
the Yuan Dynasty
• It took the Mongols 45
years to conquer China
• Finally in 1279 _____
______ overthrows the
Song Dynasty and
conquers all of China
• He sets up the first nonChinese Empire in China’s
history called the Yuan.
Xanadu
In Xanadu did Kublai Khan
a stately pleasure-dome decree,
where Alph, the sacred river, ran
through caverns measureless to man
down to a sunless sea,
so twice five miles of fertile ground
with walls and towers were girdled round.
and there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
where blossom'd many an incense-bearing tree.
And here were forests as ancient as the hills,enfolding sunny spots of
greenery.
Yuan Rule
• The Mongols were culturally very different from
the Chinese. This made ruling them very difficult.
• The Mongols and the Chinese spoke different
languages, had a different form of dress and
many different customs.
• Despite attempting to rule in a Chinese custom,
the government of the Yuan Dynasty had
virtually no Chinese
• Mongols and other ________ were given all
government positions
China’s Economic Problems
• The excessive spending and trade restriction
enacted during the Yuan Dynasty severely
depleted China economically.
• Canals and palaces were built, which required the
peasants to both supply more tax money and to
leave their homes to build them.
• Campaigns were also launched against Japan
which were not successful and destroyed many
Chinese ships..
Trade
• External trade, while not forbidden was made very
difficult for the Chinese.
• The Chinese were forbidden to learn to speak any other
language.
• Travel outside of China for commercial reasons was
made very difficult.
• Foreign merchants, however, were able to trade within
China and were given privileges by the Yuan. They
were free of taxes and were allowed to travel
throughout China without restrictions
2
How Did the Ming Restore
Chinese Rule?
Early Ming rulers sought to reassert Chinese greatness after years of
foreign rule. To accomplish this, they did the following:
• Restored the civil service system and made the
exams more rigorous than ever
• Revived Confucian learning
• Repaired the canal system that linked regions and
made trade easier
• Made Chinese cities home to many industries,
including porcelain, paper, and tools
• Developed new technologies, which increased
output in manufacturing
• Supported a revival of arts and literature
• The voyages of ________ Commander of 62 ships
and 25,000 sailors to promote trade and collect
tribute from lesser powers. Wanted to show the rest
of the world the power and superiority of China
2
Why did Ming emperors turn their back on
overseas exploration?
• Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas
ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to
all others.
• The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions,
which they saw as the source of stability.
• Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce
any profits.
3
Geography of the Korean Peninsula
Seventy percent of Korea is
mountainous. Because farming is
difficult in the mountains, most
Koreans live along the western
coastal plain, Korea’s major farming
area.
Korea has a 5,400 mile coastline
with hundreds of good harbors.
Since earliest times, Koreans have
depended on seafood for protein in
their diet.
Korea’s location on China’s doorstep
has played a key role in its
development.
3
Korea United
As early as Han times, China extended its influence to Korea. Although
Koreans absorbed many Chinese traditions, Korea was able to preserve
its independence and maintain a separate and distinct culture.
Koreans adapted and modified Chinese ideas.
Examples:
• Koreans used the Chinese civil service examination, but adapted it to
fit their own system of inherited ranks.
• Koreans learned to make porcelain from China, but then perfected
techniques of making ________ —a porcelain with an unusual bluegreen glaze.
3
The Choson Dynasty
In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors and
set up the Choson dynasty. Choson rulers made important
contributions to Korean culture.
•
They reduced Buddhist influence and set up a government
based upon Confucian principles.
Over time, Confucianism greatly influenced Korean life.
•
They developed ________ to replace the complex Chinese
writing system. The use of hangul led to an extremely high ________
________ , or percentage of people who can read and write.
4
Geography of Japan
Japan is located on an
________ or chain of islands,
about 100 miles off the Asian
mainland.
Because four-fifths of Japan is
mountainous, most people
settled in narrow river valleys
and along coastal plains.
The surrounding seas have both
protected and isolated Japan.
Japan was close enough to the
mainland to learn from Korea
and China, but too far away for
the Chinese to conquer.
The seas also served as trade
routes for Japan.
Mt Fuji
4
Chinese Civilization Influenced Early Japan
In the early 600s, Japan began sending students, monks,
traders, and officials to China. These visitors returned to
Japan eager to spread Chinese thought, technology, and
the arts. The Japanese adopted:
Chinese ideas about government
Chinese fashion
Chinese language and characters
Chinese foods
Confucian ideas and ethics
In time, enthusiasm for everything Chinese died down.
The Japanese kept some Chinese ways but discarded or
modified others. This process is known as ________
________
Example: Japan never accepted the Chinese civil service
exam to choose officials based on merit. Instead, they
maintained their tradition of inherited status through
family position.
4
The Heian Period
From 794 to 1185, the imperial capital was in
Heian, present-day ________
At the Heian court an elegant and sophisticated
culture blossomed. Noblemen and noblewomen
lived in a fairy-tale atmosphere. Elaborate rules
of etiquette governed court ceremony.
Important literature came out of the Heian
period. The Pillow Book was a series of
anecdotes and observations about court life.
________ ________ was the world’s first fulllength novel. Both were written by women.
Mongolian Conquest
• A. The Mongolian conquest of China and
Korea threatened Japan.
• B. Japan refused to accept Mongolian rule
prompting an invasion of Japan by Kublai
Khan in 1274. A typhoon wrecked a huge
fleet of ships carrying 30,000 soldiers.
• C. Another invasion in 1281 was wrecked by
a typhoon.
• D. The Japanese credit the spirit of the wind
for protecting them (________ ), the
Mongolians gave up on the invasion.
Feudalism in Japan
As the emperor presided over the splendid
courts of Heian, rival clans battled for control
of the countryside. Local warlords formed
armed bands loyal to them rather than to the
emperor. In this way, Japan evolved a feudal
system.
In theory, the emperor stood at the head of
Japanese feudal society. In fact, he was
powerless. Real power lay in the hands of the
________ , or supreme military commander.
The shogun distributed land to vassal lords
who agreed to protect them. These great
warrior lords were called________ They, in
turn, granted land to lesser warriors called
________.
Japanese Feudalism
6. Video
5
The Tokugawa Shogunate
Determined to end feudal warfare, the Tokugawa shoguns:
• imposed _____ government control on all
Japan
• created a unified, orderly society
• required the _____ to live in the shogun’s
capital every other year
• created new laws that fixed the social order
rigidly in place and upheld a strict _____ code
• imposed restrictions on women
• oversaw economic growth, the flourishing of
trade, and the emergence of a middle class
A Zen Buddhist Pagoda
11. Zen Buddhism
• A. A sect from China
• B. Values/Beliefs:
– 1. devotion to duty
– 2. meditation and prayer
– 3. scholarship
– 4. a peaceful, uncluttered mind - freedom
– 5. compassion
– 6. nirvana
– 7. devotion to nature
5
Culture of Feudal Japan
Cities such as Edo and Osaka were home to an explosion in the arts and the theater.
THEATER
No plays presented Zen
Buddhist themes or
recounted fairy tales or
power struggles.
_____, a popular new form
of drama, combined drama,
dance, and music.
Puppet plays, known as
_____, were popular.
LITERATURE
PAINTING &
PRINTMAKING
Essays expressed Zen values or
contained observations about
human nature.
Japanese painters were
influenced by Chinese
landscape paintings, yet
developed their own styles.
Japanese poets adapted Chinese
models, creating miniature
poems called _____.
Painters recreated historical
events on scrolls.
Woodblock prints used
fresh colors and simple
lines to convey town life.