Transcript The First People - Marana Unified School District

UNIT 2
Development of Civilization
Early Middle East
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1. What was the Neolithic Revolution? How did it lead to
civilization?
2. What is a Civilization?
3. How was human life different before and after civilization?
HUMANS
Biological Differences
 More advanced brains
• Develop language
• Use imagination
• Reflect on the past and predict the
future
• Have beliefs and make
explanations
 Walk upright and have opposable
thumbs
• Allow us to use tools and
manipulate the earth
Behavioral Differences
 Write/record information
 Make governments
 Develop math/science
 Build/construct/create/invent
• Houses, churches, businesses,
factories, damns, tools, cities etc.
 Work / specialize in tasks
 Have social classes
 Destroy the environment
UNIT 2 VOCAB.
 Nomad
 Division of Labor
 Hunter-Gatherer
 Civilization
 Domestication
 Cultural Diffusion
 Division of Labor
 Mesopotamia
 City-state
 Dynasty
THE FIRST PEOPLE
 In your notebook, answer question #2 on page 4
 Look at the map on page 9:
• Beginning with Africa, write the order of continents in which
early humans moved to
THE FIRST PEOPLE
 The first humans lived during
the stone age
•
Stone Age is broken into two parts
1.
Paleolithic Age (2.5 million to 10,000
years ago)
•
•
•
Humans were nomads and huntergatherers
Used crude tools: Spears, nets, animal
skin clothes
Carved figurines, made cave paintings,
had spiritual beliefs
THE FIRST PEOPLE
2. Neolithic Age (8,000 BCE – 3,000 BCE)

•
Made advanced, specialized tools:
chisels, drills, and saws
•
*People learned to farm*
The development of agriculture is known as the
Neolithic Revolution
BEGINNING OF
AGRICULTURE
 Farming and domestication provided people with a
larger, constant food supply
• Domestication – the selective growing and
breeding of plants and animals
 Development of agriculture happened slowly over time
• Many peoples continued to be nomads, hunting
and gathering
BEGINNING OF
AGRICULTURE
The beginning of agriculture brought about
several positive changes:
 Controllable food supply
 Food surplus  higher population
 Settlements, towns, then cities developed
 Gave more people more time for other tasks =
Specialization of labor
 Trade began
BEGINNING OF
AGRICULTURE
Some negative changes occurred as
well:
• Inequality and social status
emerged
• Some became rich and powerful,
others poor and weak
• Need for force labor/slavery
• War over land/food
• Crop failure killed many
• Diseases spread more easily
BEGINNING OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture,
advanced farming,
and trade helped lead
to the development of
cities
• Transition from
villages to cities was
gradual
• Farmers developed
irrigation
QUIZ #1
Notes
• The First People
• Beginnings of
Agriculture
Unit 2 vocab.
Reading
• Beginning of
Agriculture
• First People
• Foundation of
Civilization
QUIZ #1
1. Why do we know so little about early human history?
2. By analyzing artifacts and material remains,
archaeologists can make _______ _______ about
people’s lives and cultures.
3. What is ‘domestication’?
4. What is the Neolithic Revolution?
QUIZ #1
5. What was human life like before the Neolithic
Revolution?
6. What are two ways agriculture changed daily
activities of people?
7. Where were the first four civilizations developed?
VILLAGES TO CITIES
Irrigation allowed:
•
•
•
•
Farm more land
Farm in drier areas
Plant more crops / produce more food
Produce a surplus of food (excess of food)
With a surplus cities could support larger
populations
R I V E R VA L L E Y ’ S A N D
CIVILIZATIONS

Use the map on page 24-25 to answer the
following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the names of the 4 earliest civilizations?
What are two things that all four of the earliest
civilizations have in common?
How could flooding be beneficial for these
civilizations?
What was an efficient way to travel in the early
civilizations?
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
The world’s first civilizations emerged from
the earliest cities
• Civilization – a complex and organized society
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
Civilizations vary, but all share common characteristics
• Developed cities
• Large, dense, and diverse populations / centers of trade
• Organized government
• Make and enforce laws, collect taxes, provide services
• Formalized religion
• God or Gods
• Written beliefs, Places of worship, religious dates/holidays
• Rituals, ceremonies, etc
• Specialization of labor
• Specific jobs, skilled workers
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
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Social classes
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•
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Record keeping and writing
•
•
Calendar, laws, tax records, literature
Art and architecture
•
•
Upper, middle, lower class
Certain kinds of people belong to different classes
Paintings, statues, buildings
Technology
ASSIGNMENT: CREATE A
CIVILIZATION
You have an opportunity to create your own civilization
Your civilization should have a particular theme or idea
to it
(and must be appropriate for school)
Your civilization must include all 8 characteristics of a
civilization
Must have 2 cities
• Be creative!
• Choose something that you’re interested in
EXAMPLE CIVILIZATION:
O LY M P I TO P I A

Developed Cities:
•

Phelpstown, Boltia, Gymnastville
Organized Government:
•
•
•

Laws: Causing physical injury to athletes is punishable by death,
Everyone must attend competitions
Taxes: taxes are collected from everyone
Services: training for youth, building of gymnasium, medical testing
Formalized religion
•
•
•
Gods and Goddesses: God of Speed (Flash), God of Strength (Arnold),
Goddess of Grace (Beyonce), etc.
Athletes perform rituals at their place of competition
Great competitors die and live in the Great Track for all time
EXAMPLE CIVILIZATION:
O LY M P I TO P I A





•
•
•
•
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Specialization of Labor
Athletes, judges, nutritionists, trainers, coaches, rules
makers, engineers etc.
Social classes
Athletes/non-athletes
Based off of popularity and success
Record keeping and writing
Event rules, schedules, scoring, records
Art and architecture
Paintings of athletes, sculptures, plays, advertisements,
gymnasiums, stadiums
Technology
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
 Civilizations and societies
can change through ‘cultural
diffusion’
 Cultural diffusion is the
spread of ideas, beliefs,
customs, and technology
from one culture to another
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
Historically, cultural
diffusion has taken place
in 3 ways
• Trade
• Migration
• Conquest
How does cultural
diffusion mostly happen
today?
•
•
•
•
T.V. / Movies
Internet
School
Travel
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
 Assignment: meet with different civilizations through trade,
migration, or conquest
 For each civilization you meet, add 1-3 traits or
characteristics to your civilization
• Try to add traits that will help or compliment your own
 You have 7-9 minutes with each civilization you meet
 You are encouraged to take characteristics that a civilization
has newly added
MATERIALS
Please have out:
• Notebook/folder
• Civilization you created yesterday
• Piece of paper with the heading:
• ‘Cultural Diffusion log’
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
What you write:
• Write the additions to your civilization where it says
‘changes’
In your notebook write: Cultural Diffusion Log
• Who did you meet? (name of Civilization)
• What did you take from that civilization, and why?
• How did you meet? (migration, trade, conquest; pick
what makes sense)
CULTURAL DIFFUSION REFLECTION
1.
What usually determined why you took a
characteristic of another civilization?
2. How is it possible that you may have a
characteristic of a civilization that you
never came into contact with?
3. What did you learn about cultural diffusion
from this activity/simulation as to how it
might relate to real history?
QUIZ #1
Notes
• The First People
• Beginnings of
Agriculture
• Villages to Cities
• Early Civilizations
• Cultural Diffusion
Reading
• Beginning of
Agriculture
• First People
• Foundation of
Civilization
Vocab.
QUIZ #1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why do we know so little about early human history?
By analyzing artifacts and material remains,
Archaeologists can make ______ ______ about
people’s lives and cultures.
On what continent is it believed that the earliest
humans existed?
What is the Neolithic Revolution?
What was human life like before civilization (in other
words, before the Neolithic Revolution)? Think about
where they lived and how they got their food.
QUIZ #1
6.
7.
8.
9.
List 4 characteristics of a civilization and
describe 1 of them
How did the Neolithic Revolution help lead to
the development of civilization?
How was human life different after the
Neolithic Revolution and the development of
civilization? Think about where they lived and
how they got their food.
How do civilizations change over time?
NOTEBOOK CHECK
 Vocabulary
 Analyzing sources activity
 The First People Q&A
 Beginning of Agriculture Q&A
 Foundations of Civilization Q&A
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
4. How did early Middle Eastern civilizations develop and
what contributions did they make towards civilization?
5. What are the basic beliefs of Judaism?
6. How does Judaism influence later religions and societies?
MESOPOTAMIA
Government
 Leadership
• Priests and Kings
• Had dynasties
 Services
• Built canals, dikes,
irrigation
• Walls to protect cities
Developed Cities
 Ur (Sumer)
 Uruk (Sumer)
 Akkad (Akkadians)
 Babylon (Babylonians)
Religion
MESOPOTAMIA
God/Gods
 Polytheism
Beliefs
 Gods controlled all natural forces
 Afterlife of suffering
Place of Worship
 Temples / Ziggurat
Rituals to please the gods
MESOPOTAMIA
Record Keeping/Writing
 Type: Cuneiform (pictograms)
 Records:
•
•
Business accounts
Law and grammar
 Literature: Epic of Gilgamesh
 Contribution: First writing system
MESOPOTAMIA
Art/Architecture
 Art: Sculptures/statues
 Architecture:
•
•
Temples / Ziggurats
Arches and ramps
 Achievements:
•
‘Cylinder Seals’
MESOPOTAMIA
Social Status
Upper class: Priests / kings
Middle class: Large landowners
and wealthy merchants
Lower class: artisans / farmers
Slavery: yes (prisoners of war)
Very little gender equality
Specialized Labor
 Scribes
 Surgeons
MESOPOTAMIA
Discovery / Innovation :
 Math / Geometry
 Bronze working
 The wheel
 The plow
USES OF WHEEL
USES OF WHEEL
USES OF WHEEL
MESOPOTAMIA
Government
Law and Punishment:
 Hammurabi’s Code
 ‘Eye for an Eye’
Contributions:
 First written code of laws
 First ‘Empires’
MESOPOTAMIA
Discovery / Innovation
 War chariots (Hittites)
 Iron working (Hittites)
 Battering Rams (Assyrians)
 First alphabet (Phoenician)
MESOPOTAMIA
Architecture
 Hanging Gardens of
Babylon (Babylonians)
 Great Library of Nineveh
(Chaldeans)
JUDAISM
BASIC BELIEFS OF JUDAISM
Covenant of Abraham
• God (Yahweh) promised
to lead Abraham and his
followers to ‘The
Promised Land’
• Followers promised to
worship only God
Covenant of Moses
• God promised to protect
the Hebrews and they
promised to follow the 10
commandments
BASIC BELIEFS OF JUDAISM
Monotheism
• Only one God
• God is always with them
• Can be no images of God
Follow the 10 Commandments
BA S I C B E L I E F S O F J U DA I S M
Justice and righteousness:
respect family, tell the truth,
do not lie and steal, treat
people equally
HEBREWS & JUDAISM
Jewish places of worship
are called ‘Synagogues’
• Congregation face
Jerusalem, their holy city,
during prayer
• Sermons and prayers are
read by a ‘Rabbi’ (teacher)
JUDAISM
 Christianity and Islam, the two most practiced religions in the
world, originated from Judaism
 They share many similar beliefs and practices
MIDDLE EAST
1. Afghanistan
7. Kuwait
2. Egypt
8. Pakistan
3. Iran
9. Saudi Arabia
4. Iraq
10. Sudan
5. Israel
11. Syria
6. Jordan
12. Yemen
JUDAISM
HEBREWS & JUDAISM
Government
 Leadership:
• Judges, Kings
 Law and Punishment: ‘Mosaic Law’
 Contributions
• Strong code of ethics has been very influential
HEBREWS & JUDAISM
Religion
 Monotheism – belief in one God
 Justice and righteousness: respect family, tell the truth, do not lie
and steal, treat people equally
 Sacred Text:
•
•
•
Torah
Ten Commandments
Talmud
HEBREWS & JUDAISM
Celebrations
• Bar mitzvah –
‘Coming of Age’
• Hanukkah –
celebrate the
rebuilding of the
Temple of Jerusalem
• Passover –
Remembering the
Exodus from Egypt
QUIZ #2
Notes
Civilization Description:
 Mesopotamia
 Mesopotamia
 Beliefs of Judaism
 Hebrews and Judaism
Reading
 Mesopotamia and Sumer
 Hebrews and Judaism
QUIZ #2
1. Who were the people that developed the first civilization,
and where did they develop it?
2. What are two very important achievements of these people?
For each achievement you list, give a brief explanation as to
why it is so important.
3. What is most significant about Hammurabi’s Code?
QUIZ #2
4.
Who is the founder of Judaism?
5.
What is a basic belief of Judaism that separated it from
other religious beliefs at the time. Explain your answer.
6.
What are two important sacred texts of Judaism?
7.
Explain the influence Judaism has had on later religions
and/or societies.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
7. What are the basic beliefs of Islam?
8. How does the religion of Islam affect the lives of
Muslims?
9. Where is Islam practiced and how did it spread there?
UNIT 2 VOCAB. (CONT.)
 Islam
 Jihad
 Caliph
 Caliphate
 Shia
 Sunni
ISLAM
Islam was founded by
Muhammad in Mecca
• Muslims believe in most
prophets of Judaism and
Christianity
• Muhammad is Allah’s
(God) last and final
prophet, and is therefore
the most important
ISLAM
Muhammad’s
revelations are found in
their holy book, the
Qur’an (Koran)
• Written in Arabic
ISLAM
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
Muslims have five duties that must be carried
out to achieve salvation
Called the ‘Five Pillars of Islam’
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faith – “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah”
Prayer – Five times daily, facing Mecca
–
Many worship in a ‘mosque’
Alms – charity given to the poor
Fasting – nothing is eaten during the month of
Ramadan from sun up to sun down
Pilgrimage – Muslims perform the hajj to Mecca
ISLAM
ISLAM
ISLAM
ISLAM
Pg. 268-269
1. Where did Islam originate (begin)
2. Where has Islam spread?
3. How did it spread there?
4. Where is it practiced now?
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Government
Taxes: Non-Muslims paid
 Leadership:
heavy taxes
• Caliph / Dynasty
 Laws & Punishment
Services: Supported
education, arts, and science
• Sunna- guidelines for
behavior
Contribution: United many
• Sharia – Religious
peoples under single rule and
law
Islam
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Religion
 God/Gods: Monotheism
 Beliefs:
• Founded by
Muhammad
• Five Pillars of Islam
 Sacred Text:
• Qur’an
• Sunna / Sharia
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Place of Worship:
• Mosque
Rituals/Holidays
• Ramadan
• Memorization of
Qur’an
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Record Keeping and Writing
 Type of Writing: Arabic
 Written records:
• Laws and religious text
• Textbooks
 Literature: 1001 Nights (Arabian
Nights)
 Contributions: Many works
translated in several languages
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Art / Architecture
 Art:
• Arabesque
• Calligraphy (275)
 Architecture
• Minarets & Domes
 Achievements
• Dome of the Rock (273)
• Taj Mahal (497)
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Social Status
 Upper class: Muslim rulers
 Slavery: Usually nonMuslims, should be treated
 Gender Equality:
• Women could own property
and divorce
• Men could have several
wives
• Rights of women vary, but
often have less freedom
fairly and could buy freedom  Other: ‘People of the Book’ were
to be treated better than non-
believers
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Developed Cities
Economy
 Mecca
 Muslims traded extensively
 Medina
 Baghdad
due to geographic location
 Coined money
 Allowed purchases on credit
 First to give receipts
MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
Discoveries/Innovations
 Astronomy
• Built observatories
• Perfected Astrolabe
 Created algebra and trigonometry
 First school of pharmacy
 Wrote travel guides