Transcript RELIGIOUS REFORM AND STATE BUILDING IN EUROPE

STATE BUILDING IN EUROPE
Chapter 15
Focus Question
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Describe 2 events that lead to European
Monarchs having Absolute power.
Social Upheaval in Europe
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Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and
social crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to
the religious turmoil and wars, other factors contributed.
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Economy began to retract.
Italy, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the
renaissance period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers.
Spain’s fortunes declined.
Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to
dislocation of farmers and intermittent food shortages.
Results in leveling and even slight decline in the
population of Europe after 150 years of growth following
the period of the Black Death.
Louis XIV’s Versailles at night
Absolutism (1648-1763)
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System where a ruler holds total power
 Only
England and the Netherlands lacked an
absolute government in Europe
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17th century Europe – Tied to the idea of
the divine right of kings
 Rulers
received their powers from god
 Rulers were only accountable to god
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France was the model for the new system
Principles of Government
Origins of the State
How did states and governments come into
being? Four theories:
Evolution Theory
 Force Theory
 Divine Right
 Social Contract
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Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – The Social
Contract (1762) – The general will is
sacred and absolute and reflects the
common interests of all the people.
 General will is not necessarily the will of
the majority
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Principles of Government
Social Contract ~ Hobbes
17th Century & The Age of Enlightenment,
People begin to challenge the monarchy
and the idea of Divine Right
 Thomas Hobbes promotes the concept of
government by social contract
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Principles of Government
Hobbes ~ Social Contract
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His 1651 book Leviathan
established the foundation for
most of Western political
philosophy from the perspective of
social contract theory
In a “state of Nature” there is no
government and man is free.
However, absolute freedom has a
price… life is “cruel, brutish and
short” Why?
To escape this cruel reality, men
would give up some freedom to
the state; in return the government
(state) would offer people security
through law & order
Principles of Government
Locke ~ Social Contract
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John Locke took Hobbes ideas one step
further by promoting the “right to
revolution” – Second Treatise of Civil
Government
Natural Rights – government should
protect our life, liberty, and property
Locke believed that if the government
fails to provide people with security or if
the state abused its power over the
people the people could change the
government.
Does this happen today?
Fall of the Spanish Hapsburgs
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Loss in the 30 years war – cemented the fact that Spain was no
longer the European power – Netherlands independence – Cut
ties with the Austrian branch of the family
No domestic economic base – No Jews and Muslims
Fell behind other countries in technology and business
Phillip II has depleted the Spanish treasury in battles against
Turks, Dutch and English. Bankrupt
Spain is spread very thinly with its many over-seas possessions.
Philip II dies in 1598 – In 1700 Charles II dies with no heir – War
of Spanish Succession
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Last of the religious wars, but also dynasty
rivalry and balance of power.
 Started in the Holy Roman Empire
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 Protestant
Union
 Catholic League
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Austrian and Catholic Hapsburgs v.
French Bourbons
Four Phases of War
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First phase–
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Second Phase—Danish Phase
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civil war in Bohemia as Bohemians fought for
independence from Austrian Hapsburg rule.
Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II totally defeated
Protestant forces. (¾ land burned)
Denmark intervenes to support Protestant forces.
Catholics roll up victories.
Third Phase—Swedish Phase
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Swedish King intervened to support the Protestant
cause.
Decisive for the Protestants and ended Hapsburg
ambition of uniting all the German states under
imperial authority.
Four Phases of War
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Fourth Phase—French/International phase
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Death of Swedish King prompts French to enter the
war to ensure that HRE does not remain strong.
France declares war on Spain and sends assistance
to protestant forces in Germany.
War drags on with French, Dutch and Swedes,
supported by Scots, Finns and German mercenaries
burning, looting and destroying German agriculture
and commerce.
1/3 of urban and 40% of rural population
destroyed. Economy ravaged.
Peace of Westphalia—1648
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Terms
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End of HRE as real political entity. Each of the
German princes recognized as sovereign,
independent authority
Independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands
acknowledged.
France gets Alsace, increasing its size and prestige.
France allowed to intervene at will in German affairs.
Pope denied the right to intervene in German affairs.
Portugal recognized as independent of Spain.
France emerges as the dominant nation in
Europe.
Focus Question
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Is there really “equal rights” in the U.S.?
What are some examples of people not
having “equal rights”?
Bourbon France
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre,
8/24/1572 – Queen Catherine attacks the
Huguenots (French Protestants)
 Civil Wars retarded France’s development
as an international and colonial power
 Wars lasted for 30 years.
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House of Bourbon
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Bourbons(Huguenot)
become the ruling family.
Henry IV (1598-1610) – Had no
choice but to convert to Catholic
Edict of Nantes (1598)—
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Catholicism is the official religion of
France
Huguenots guaranteed freedom of
worship and right to all political
privileges.
Huguenots have the right to fortify
their castles and towns.
Bourbons
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Louis XIII (1610) – He takes
over at age 8 and mother
helps out
At 15, he throws mother out
and takes over.
She convinces him that he
needs an advisor
Bourbons
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Cardinal Richelieu (reason
of state)
He eliminates all enemies
Strips noble’s of authority
Attacks the Huguenots
Richelieu dies in 1642 and
Louis XIII dies a year later
France and Louis XIV (1643-1715)
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His reign is regarded as
the best example of
absolute monarchy in the
17th century
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Most powerful monarch in
French history
1643 – Louis came to the
throne at the age of 4 or 5
– Cardinal Mazarin
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Fronde – Riots in Paris
force him in hiding
Sun King
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23 – Louis took absolute control
 Said “I am the state”
Called the Sun King because he was
the source of light for all of his
people – Estates General
Anti-Protestant
 Destroyed churches and closed
schools
 (1685) Revoked Edict of Nantes,
which had given Protestant
Huguenots freedom of religion
 Protestants fled France
Versailles
Slide show
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Established royal court at Versailles(1664-1697)
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Greatest danger came from nobles and princes
Louis had complete authority over foreign policy,
the church, and taxes – Colbert (mercantilism)
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His power was limited at the local level
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Nobles, local officials, and town councils had more influence
than the king
Louis bribed people to make sure his policies were carried
out
Louis XIV
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Developed standing army
of 400,000 in times of war
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Added territory to France
France was the strongest
power in Europe and had
many enemies
War of Spanish Succession
dragged on for 13 years –
Philip Anjou wants to become
king of Spain – Philip is
grandson of Louis XIV
Louis XIV
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He loses the war of Spanish Succession – Defeated by
the English, Dutch and Austria
Treaty of Utrecht - He has to give up land in North
America – Spain had to give up Italian land and the low
countries (Netherlands) – Balance of Power
Legacy for France after the death of the Sun King
 Great debt (bankruptcy)
 Surrounded by enemies
 His successor was 5 (great-grandson)
 On his deathbed, he told Louis XV to try and be at
peace
England
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Parliament – weakens
monarch
representatives elected by
landowners
Parliament and Monarch
were interdependent, not
rivals – Conflict?
England
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Constitution – A set of
unwritten or written
precedents, laws, and royal
acts
Common Law – legal
practices and customs
Magna Carta – all people
equal under the law
Tudor’s Legacy
James I (1603-1625)
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First of the Stuart Dynasty - Scot
He derives his power from God
Spends too much money –
Parliament
Puritans – They want to purify
the church of all Catholic rituals
and symbols – Opponents of
James I
Died of stroke – age 59
Charles (1625- 1647)
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Married to French Princess
(Catholic)
Parliament would not give
him money, so he raises
taxes
He forces people to house
soldiers – at war with France
Petition of Right - 1628
King forbidden from collecting taxes and
forcing loans
 Could not imprison anyone without just
cause
 Troops could not be housed by citizens
 Could not declare martial law unless at
war
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Civil War (1642-1647)
Charles dissolves Parliament for 11 years
 Charles recalls Parliament – Money?
Conflicts with Ireland and Scotland
 Puritan controlled Parliament
 Roundheads Vs. Cavaliers
 Cromwell leads the Roundheads to victory
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New Government
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Commonwealth – State governed
by elected representatives
Parliament would not hold reelections - Puritans
1653 – Cromwell takes over
He puts in strict Puritan laws
1658 – He dies and his son takes
over – malaria – age 59
Back to Monarchy
Cromwell’s son is forced out
 Parliament decides to give power back to
the Monarchy, but no absolutism
 Stuart Dynasty would Continue –
 Charles II
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Charles II (1660-1685)
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He allows Parliament to run
the country
Church of England becomes
official religion
James II (1685-1689)
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Charles’ brother
Catholic – ignores religious
laws
Leads to division in
Parliament – Exclusion Bill
(Whigs and Tories)
He orders to bring back the
Catholic Church without the
blessing of Parliament
Glorious Revolution 1688
Parliament names William and Mary as
the new King and Queen – He is king of
Netherlands and she is daughter of James
 They force James II to exile
 They rule from the Netherlands
 Parliament is even stronger
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William and Mary (1689-1702)
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They sign the English Bill of
Rights
Laws, taxes, army all were
placed under the Parliament’s
control and a list of basic rights
established.
Act of Settlement – no Catholic
can become king
Ireland forced to be Protestant
Property owners can vote (4%)
End of the Stuarts
Mercantilism
The economic doctrine that government
control of foreign trade is of paramount
importance for ensuring the military
security of the state- Balance of Trade
 Mercantilism was a cause of frequent
European wars in that time and motivated
colonial expansion.
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Mercantilism
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High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods,
are an almost universal feature of mercantilist
policy.
Building a network of overseas colonies;
Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations;
Monopolizing markets with stable ports;
Banning the export of gold and silver, even for
payments; money system – exchange of
currency
Mercantilism
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Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships;
Export subsidies; Government funded
Promoting manufacturing with research or direct
subsidies;
Limiting wages;
Maximizing the use of domestic resources;
Restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff
barriers to trade. Colonies
The New Austrian Empire
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Hapsburgs had been leaders of Holy Roman
Empire
 They lost their empire in Germany
 Created a new empire in Austria, Hungary,
and Central Europe
 1713 – Pragmatic Sanction – Charles VI
wants his daughter, Maria Theresa, to
succeed him – He asks other European
leaders to accept the succession. Yeah right
Maria Theresa (1740-1780)
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Her government pays for
health care, roads, and
prisons
She encourages trade and
industry – Austria prospers
And she raises 16 kids – 3
queens and 2 kings
Died at age 63
Prussia and Frederick the Great
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Emerged as one of the great European
powers following the Thirty Years’ War
 Very
clever in diplomacy
 Frederick built a large and efficient
standing army
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As many as 85,000 men
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kings initially didn’t want to fight
in any major wars
Frederick the Great
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War of Austrian Succession
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Turned back by Charles VI’s
daughter, Maria Theresa
Promoted economic activity
Created strong bureaucracy
Began state-sponsored
school system
Seven Years’ War (French and Indian
War in the Americas)
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Two sides:
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Austria, France, and
Russia vs. Britain and
Prussia
Prussia wins in Europe
France and England were
battling for colonies in the
Americas – England wins
all land West of the
Mississippi River, Canada
and India
Russia and Peter the Great
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Predecessors:
 Tsar
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(czar) Ivan the Great (III)
Freed Moscow from Mongols and used centralized
rule
 Tsar
Ivan IV (the Terrible)
 Michael Romanov founded the Romanov
dynasty (1613-1917)
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He was chosen by representatives from 50
Russian cities
Peter the Great (1689-1725)
 Absolutist
monarch
who claimed divine
right to the throne
 Eventually made
himself head of
the Russian
Orthodox
Church
Peter the Great (1689-1725)
 Fascinated
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by Europe and the sea
Westernization
Wanted to make Russia respectable to the West
 Men asked to shave beards and wear Western clothes
 Women received more freedom
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 Reorganized
Russian army
Copied European militaries
 Standing army of 210,000
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Included peasants who were drafted for 25 years
Added infantry
Hired European officers to train the soldiers
 Created
Russian navy
Peter the Great (1689-1725)
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education for nobles
Especially in math and technical subjects
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were selective
Applied only to nobles, not to peasants
 Workers were serfs rather than free laborers
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Peter the Great (1689-1725)
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Moved capital of Russia from Moscow to St.
Petersburg
 Swampy
 As many as 100,000 peasants died while
building the city
 Peter ordered that all nobles move from
Moscow to St. Petersburg
Peter the Great (1689-1725)
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Expansion
 Fought
for 21 years against Sweden to get
access to warm-water ports on the Baltic
 Lost to Ottomans – Black Sea
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1725 – Death
Catherine the Great (1762-1769)
German
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Replaced her husband
Enlightened Despot –
educated the public, except the
serfs
Defeats the Ottomans – Black
Sea
Partition of Poland (1772) –
Divide the land in 3 parts –
Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Poland would not be free until
1919