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Book One
Lesson Five
Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R
by Winston S. Churchill
Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
Germany
Non-aggression
U.S.S.R.
Pact
Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the
U.S.S.R.
• In March 1939, Britain and France started
talks with the Soviet Union on possible
cooperation against Fascist Germany.
• At that time Britain under Chamberlain
and France under Daladier were pursuing
a policy of appeasement.
• After three months’ fruitless negotiation,
the talks were broken off.
• Then in order to protect itself, the Soviet
Union signed the non-aggression pact with
Hitler’s Germany on August 23, 1939.
• On Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.
• On Sept. 17, Soviet troops also crossed
the border and moved into Poland, taking
77,000 sm of territory.
• The Russo-Finnish war began on Nov. 1,
1939 and ended in March 1940.
• The Finns sued for peace and ceded an
area of over16,000 sm to the Soviet Union.
• In June 1940, Soviet troops occupied the
three Baltic states （拉脱维亚，爱沙尼亚，立
陶宛，芬兰）and part of Rumania.
• Before the fall of Poland, British
intelligence officers managed to get hold
of a German coding machine and a group
of code-breaking experts, called the
Bletchly Park group, soon discovered how
the machine worked.
• With the help of this machine, the British
were able to decipher all German coded
messages.
•
•
•
•
So on June 6, the British had already learnt
that Hitler was to attack Russia and so passed
on a warning to the Soviet Union, which was
unheeded.
On June 20, two days before the invasion,
Churchill worked on a speech to be broadcast
to the world when the invading forces rolled
into Russia.
The speech was carefully composed, full of
grave themes and weighty arguments.
Churchill polished the text on June 22, 1941
in his Elizabethan manor at Chequers.
Union Flag
British
Union
Meteor Flag
Jack
British politician and prime minister of
the United Kingdom
• Full name:
• Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
• (1874-1965)
• His names testify to the richness of his historic
•
•
•
•
inheritance:
Winston, after the Royalist family with whom the
Churchill married before the English Civil War;
Leonard, after his remarkable grandfather, Leonard
Jerome of New York;
Spencer, the married name of a daughter of the 1st
duke of Marlborough, from whom the family
descended;
Churchill, the family name of the 1st duke, which his
descendents resumed after the Battle of Waterloo.
quick facts
Birth November 30, 1874
Death January 24, 1965
Place of Birth Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England
Political Party Conservative
Official Title Prime minister
Term 1940-1945 Prime minister of the United Kingdom
1951-1955 Prime minister of the United Kingdom
Known for Leading the United Kingdom and the Allies to
victory in World War II.
Award 1953 Nobel Prize in literature
Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
• Winston Churchill was born on Nov. 30,1874.
• He was the eldest son in the family.
• He went to Harrow in 1888 and then to the
•
•
Royal Military College at Sandhurst.
He was neither successful nor happy at
school.
(Other famous public schools in England are
Eton, Winchester, Charterhouse, Rugby etc.)
Facts about Churchill
• In school Churchill was
at the bottom of his
class. Nothing showed
that he would become
“the largest human
being of our time”
• Physically he was not a
big man - at 5-foot-8 he
was shorter than Harry
Truman.
• 1895:
•
•
He
was
commissioned in the Fourth
Hussars. He soon obtained a
leave, and worked during
the Cuban war as a reporter
for the London Daily Graphic.
1896 --- 1897: Churchill
served as a soldier and
journalist in India.
1900: After a brief but
eventful career in the army,
he became a Conservative
Member of Parliament.
• 1904: He switched from conservatives to
Liberal Party…
• 1910-11: Home secretary
• 1911-1915: Lord of the admiralty
• 1940-1945: Prime Minister and Minister of
•
•
•
•
•
Defense
1951:Prime Minister (1955 resign)
1953: Queen Elizabeth II conferred on Churchill the
dignity of Knighthood and invested him with the
insignia of the Order of the Garter
1955-1964: a Member of Parliament
1963: the honorary citizenship of the United States
conferred by President Kennedy
1965:He suffered cerebral thrombosis
Lord Randolph Churchill
Blenheim Palace
MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT
 Following his graduation from the
Royal Military College he was
commissioned in the Forth Hussars.
 As a war correspondent he was
captured.
 After his escape he became a
National Hero.
 Ten month later he was elected as
a member of the Conservative Party.
 In 1904 he joined the Liberal Party
where he became the president of
the Board of Trade.
Winston Churchill in 1904
WORLD WAR I
His career was almost
destroyed as a result of
the unsuccessful Gallipoli
campaign during the First
World War.
Gallipoli Campaign
For ten years during the depression Churchill was
denied cabinet office.
WORLD WAR II
 World War II broke out in September 1939 when
Germany marched into Poland.
I have nothing to offer
 Britain and France responded to the invasion of
but blood, toil, tears,
Poland by declaring war on Germany.
and sweat.
 Chamberlain invited Churchill to become a member
of his war cabinet.
 He was national commander in chief. He supervised
every aspect of the war effort.
 Chamberlain resigned, and King George VI asked
Churchill to be prime minister.
War Leader
He
successfully
secured
Russia
would still
exert military aid and moral support
froman
the
United States.
immense
and
ultimately decisive force.
He traveled endlessly during the war establishing close
ties with leaders of other nations and coordinated a military
strategy which subsequently ensured Hitler's defeat.
• Never got into the
upper school to
study classics.
Hobby: Painting and writing English essays
Atlantic Alliance
 In August 1941 Churchill and
Roosevelt met for the first time during
the war.
 When the United States entered the
war in December 1941, Churchill and
Roosevelt agreed to concentrate on
defeating Hitler in Europe.
World War II ended in 1945, first in Europe in May
when the Germans surrendered to the Allied
powers, and then in the Pacific in August.
British general elections, postponed during the war, were
held in July 1945.
Churchill ran in the election as a Conservative. but the
Labour Party gained a majority in Parliament because the
British public opinion sought social and economic reforms
that the Conservatives had resisted.
Churchill retired as prime minister in deep disappointment.
LATER YEARS
He delivered a series of
speeches that encouraged
the unity of Western
Europe against the growing
Communist threat.
In 1946, in a speech at Fulton,
Missouri, he defined the barrier
thrown up by the USSR
around the nations of eastern
Europe as the "iron curtain."
In 1951 Churchill's efforts to revitalize the
Conservative Party were rewarded, and he
again became prime minister.
He began to write his
six-volume work, The
Second World War
(1948-1954), a
comprehensive firstperson account of his
wartime statesmanship.
In 1953 Queen Elizabeth II conferred on him
the Knighthood of the Garter, and he became
Sir Winston Churchill.
In the same year he won the Nobel Prize for
literature for his historical and biographical
works and for his oratory.
 In November 1954, on Churchill's 80th
birthday, the House of Commons honored
him on the eve of his retirement.
 In April 1955 he resigned as prime minister
but remained a member of the House of
Commons.
Churchill died peacefully at his town house in
London, two months after his 90th birthday.
Following a state funeral service that was
attended by dozens of world leaders at Saint
Paul’s Cathedral, he was buried near
Blenheim Palace.
• His works, combining personal perspective
with great historical themes, are written
with great sweep and lucidity.
• They include the World Crisis, an account
of WWI;
• the 2nd World War;
• and History of the English Speaking
Peoples.
Man of great capability and versatility
historian
statesman
literary figure
orator
life peer
stylist
strategist
Quotations on War:
• Never, never, never believe any war will be
smooth and easy, or that anyone who
embarks on the strange voyage can
measure the tides and hurricanes he will
encounter. The statesman who yields to
war fever must realize that once the signal
is given, he is no longer the master of
policy but the slave of unforeseeable and
uncontrollable events.
• History will be kind to me for I intend to
write it.
– Sir Winston Churchill
• One day President Roosevelt told me that he
was asking publicly for suggestions about what
the war should be called. I said at once 'The
Unnecessary War'.
• Sir Winston Churchill, Second World War (1948)
• Older men declare war. But it is youth that must
fight and die. And it is youth who must inherit
the tribulation, the sorrow, and the triumphs
that are the aftermath of war.
• --Herbert Hoover, speech (1944)
• “To be prepared for war is one of the most
effectual means of preserving peace.”
•
--------------George Washington
• In unity lies strength.
• United, we stand; divided we fall.
•
--------------Lincoln
• We hear war called murder. It is not: it is suicide.
• --Ramsay MacDonald, quoted in the Observer
• To fight and conquer in all our battles is not
supreme excellence; supreme excellence
consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance
without fighting.
– Sun-Tzu, The Art Of War
“不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也”。
• “War is peace; ignorance is strength; slavery is
freedom.”
– George Orwell, 1984
• The only excuse for war is that we may live in
peace unharmed.
• Cicero, De Officiis
Suggested Reading List
• The Winds of War 1971
• War and Remembrance
•
•
•
1977 byHermanWouk
The World Crisis (6 vols,
1923-31)
The Second World War (6
vols, 1948-53)
History of the English
Speaking Peoples (4 vols,
1956-58) by Winston
Churchill
Some more important information in WW II
• God Save the Queen
(1749)
• The Star-Spangled Banner
(1931)
•
•
•
•
March of the Volunteers
Munich Pact
Dominions
Commonwealth of Nations
or British Commonwealth
of Nations
broadcast
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
adj.
a broadcast speech;
lecture;
message;
program;
story;
discontent.
•
•
•
•
v.
to broadcast a speech;
rumors;
tomato seeds
• broadcasting station;
• broadcasting studio;
surprise:
attack, discover, capture suddenly,
unexpectedly, without warning
• We surprised the
•
•
enemy while they
were sleeping.
I surprised the thief
while he was still
trying to open the
safe.
They surprised the
secret of his
murderous past
through a stolen letter.
• Take sb/sth by
•
•
•
surprise
the town was taken
by surprise.
The amount of the
donation took us
completely by
surprise.
The question took
David by surprise.
some language points and
usage.
• awake, waken, wake, awaken:
• These words all refer to emerging from sleep,
•
•
(cause to) stop sleeping. In application, wake
and awake are often used intransitively;
waken and awaken and wake up are often used
transitively.
wake up can be transitive as well as intransitive.
awake, waken, wake, awaken:
• 1. awake: awoke/awaked;
awoken/awaked
• 2. wake: waked, woke/waked, woken,
woke
• 3. waken: wakened
• 4. awaken: awakened
awake:
(cause to) stop sleeping, wake from
sleep
• She awoke to find the streets covered in
snow.
• She awoke suddenly.
• My screams awoke my parents.
• A great noise awoke the baby.
• He has awoke to the danger. (become
aware of)
• her mind awoke to the possibilities of the
new invasion.
• The noise of the hurricane might keep you
wake:
(cause to) emerge from sleep; stop
sleeping
• She woke up feeling better.
• What time do you usually wake up?
• Bears wake up in the spring after a winter
of hibernation.
• Don’t wake the baby.
• What time do you want to be waked?
• He needs some interest to wake him up.
• It waked me up to the facts.
waken: poetic/literary term for wake
• Please waken me at 6 am.
• I wakened (up) early on the day of our
commencement ceremony.
• I was wakened by their heroic struggles.
• In order to waken the reader’s interest,
the library authority planned to arrange
some authors of the newly published
books to deliver some lectures on their
works.
awaken:
rouse from sleep; cause to stop
•sleeping
Anna was awakened by the telephone.
• He sighed but did not awaken.
• The film helped to awaken many to the
horrors of the apartheid.
• His suspicions were awakened.
• We must awaken the people to the
dangers facing our country.
• Her piercing words awakened him to a
sense of position.
• The university students have been
awakened to the importance of politics.
news
• Good news goes on crutches.
• News flies apace.＝Bad news travels quickly.
• A lie gets halfway around the world before the
truth has a chance to get its pants on.

Sir Winston Churchill
• That is no news.
• break the news to (sb.) = tell sb. some bad
news
conviction:
generally implies that a prior doubt
existed and now has been removed because one
has been convinced or assured of the truth；a very
firm and sincere belief
• I am in the full conviction that our cause is
just.
• 我完全相信我们的事业是正义的。
• I have the firmest conviction that Chinese
Football Team will be the number one in the
world.
• 我极其坚定地相信中国足球队将成为世界第一。
• From the way she spoke, you could tell she
was speaking from conviction.
collocation: v. +conviction
• cherish the ~
• confirm the ~
• declare his firm ~
• deepen one’s ~
• form the unshakable ~
• voice/express the ~
count on:
rely on; depend on; expect with
confidence
• We count on your help.
• We count on you to
•
•
•
help.
You’d better not count
on an increase in your
salary this year.
He was counting on
their support.
I count on your coming
next Sunday.
enlist: win the support of, gain the help or
sympathy from
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
赢得…的支持、帮助、同情
He tried to ~the community in his experiment.
Mary ~ed her family to force him into marriage.
~ all the available resources
~ the participation of the students
~ collaboration of his wife
~ one’s sympathy / help / support
enlist in: the army, the course of world peace, the
argument
The organization has enlisted the support of many
famous people in raising money to help homeless
children.
be true of:
be in conformity with; in
accordance with reality or fact符合于; 对适用
• This is true of the rural area as well as of
the urban area.
• 这对农村和城市一样适用。
• That is not true of the people I am talking
about.
• 那对我所说的人不适用。
• The same is true of all other cases.
• 对于其它各例而言，也是如此。
be true to:
accurately conforming to (a
standard or expectation); faithful to
• This entirely new production remains true to the
•
•
•
•
•
essence of Lorca’s play.
This version is a translation true to the original.
Lei Feng was always true to his words.
**
hold true(for): suit, be effective
true to life: accurately representing real events
or objects
• croquet
• ['kroukei]:
• an outdoor game:
•
wooden balls are
driven by mallets
through a series of
square-topped hoops
set out on a lawn
槌球游戏
• croquette
• [krou'ket]:
• a small ball or roll of
•
•
•
•
•
vegetables, minced
meat, or fish, fried
in breadcrumbs
油炸丸子,炸肉饼
croquis
[krou'ki:]:
sketch, draft
草图,素描,速写
revert (to):return (to a former state, condition,
topic, etc.)
• He reverted to his native tongue.
• He ignored her words by reverting to the
former subject.
• It is impossible that a fishlike mammal will
actually revert to being a true fish.
• After the settlers left, the natives reverted to
their savage customs.
• The fields have reverted to moorland.
• If a man dies without an heir, his property
reverts to the state.
compare
• 1. Revert (reversion):
•
•
return to (a previous
state, practice,
condition, topic, etc.);
turn one’s eyes or steps
back;
On reverting our eyes,
every step presented
some new and
admirable scene.
He’s stopped taking
drugs now , but he may
revert to taking them
again.
• 2. Return (return): come
•
•
•
or go back to a
place/person; go back to
(a p. state or activity);
divert one’s attention back
to sth.
We look forward to your
return from India.
I’m sorry to hear you have
a return of the bronchial
attack.
The Return of the Native
by Thomas Hardy
• 3. recrudesce
• 4. recur (recurrence):
•
•
•
•
(recrudescence):
recur; break out
again;
There has been a
recrudescence of
stealing in the big
shops.
to prevent the ~ of
Nazism, Fascism and
militarism
~ of influenza
epidemic
•
•
•
occur again,
repeatedly,
or
periodically;
Leap year recurs
every 4 years.
Economic crises recur
periodically in
capitalist society.
I shall recur to the
subject later on.
The scene often
recurs to his mind
~vert: turn
•
•
•
•
•
introvert
性格内向的人
extrovert
性格外向的人
extravert
• 好活动而不爱思想的人
• invert
• 颠倒
• convert
• 皈依
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
subvert
颠覆
avert
避免；防止
pervert
性变态者
divert
转向；
overt
公开的
covert
隐蔽的；
arch-:
chief; principal; out-and-out; of the
highest rank or class
• archbishop
• archduke
• archangel
•
•
•
•
•
Archenemy
Archvillain
Archfiend
Archfoe
The adversary
anti-:
against, hostile to, showing feeling or
opinion against, being the opposite
• anti-bomb
• anticlimax
• anti-apartheid
• antiaircraft
• anti-Japanese
• antifreeze
• anti-Bolshevik
• antiseptic/bacteria
• anti-church
• antislavery
• anti-Christian
• antiadministration
• anti-clerical
• antibody/gas mask
• anti-communist
• antibiotics
• anti-imperialist
• anticlockwise
• antitrust/war/dumpi • anti-Semite/Fascist
I would say a word in favor of anyone
who is attacked by Hitler, no matter
how bad, how wicked or evil he had
been in the past.
reference:
a letter from a previous employer
testifying to sb.’s ability, reliability, used when applying
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
for a new job
The boy had excellent references from men for whom
he had worked.
My references will prove to you that I am efficient and
dependable.
My old headteacher said he would write me a glowing
reference.
I’ve got a reference from my bank saying that my
financial situation is fine.
Don’t make any reference to his lameness.
This test is be taken by all pupils without reference to
age or grade.
reference book: map, chronicle, encyclopaedia,
dictionary (with / in ~ to) 关于
to the effect (that):
with the general
meaning (that)...
• He has made a declaration to the effect that all
•
•
•
•
•
fighting must cease at once.
This is what he said or words to that effect.
The letter is to the following effect.
He wrote to that effect.
I don’t remember his exact words, but I’m sure
he did sat something to that effect.
*So that: He started early to the effect that he
might get there by lunchtime.
to be +to v. structure
• 1. sth planned previously,
• 2. to be +to be pp=can
•
•
•
•
agreed, arranged will
happen:
e.g. You’re to do the
exercises on p.5.
They are to marry next
month.
This chapter is to discuss
the structure of atoms.
•
•
(cannot), ought to, or
must st.
e.g. Henry is often to be
found in the lab.
The traffic regulations are
to be observed.
He is to be congratulated
on his brilliant discovery.
to be +to v. structure
• 3. to be not +to do:
• 4. was/were +to do:
•
•
•
prohibit
e.g. You are not to
speak in the reading
room.
You are not to litter in
public places.
•
indicate the result of
e.g. He was to perish
in a shipwreck and to
leave a wife and 2
children.
The boy was born
during the illness of
his father whom he
was never to see.
to be +to v. structure
• 5. Question form in
•
•
the 1st person means
asking others’ opinion.
E.g. What am I to say
if they ask me
questions?
Are we to hand in the
exercises on Monday?
• 6. to be + to pp
•
indicates what have
hoped or planned, but
somehow failed
e.g. He was to have
left home at 9 o’clock.
I was to have...
to be +to v. structure
• 7. Used in a conditional
•
•
clause to indicate the
desired result or purpose
e.g. You must speak out,
if we are to remain
friends.
He will have to work
much harder, if he is to
fulfil the task on time.
• In a subjunctive
•
conditional clause to
indicate a tentative
plan or idea that can
not be realized
e.g. If I were to be a
university student
again, I would read
widely outside my
own field.
regime:
system of government, esp. an
authoritarian one
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a revolutionary regime
the Soviet regime
a puppet regime
the regime of the
Northern warlords
the Nazi regime
the Nazi Germany
the German Fascists
the Nazidom
the Nazism
• C.f. Coordinated program
•
•
•
for promotion or
restoration of health
a low-calori, low-fat
regime
regimen: way of life, or
diet for the promotion or
restoration of health
摄生法
Adolf Hilter
HITLER
☺Leader of the
German Nazi party
☺ Dictator of
Germany
1938
Time
Man
of the Year
Adolf Hilter
Adolf Hitler(1889-1945), ruled
Germany as dictator from 1933 to
1945. He turned Germany into a
powerful war machine and
provoked World War II in 1939.
Hitler's forces conquered most of
Europe before they were
defeated in 1945.
'When the postmaster
asked him one day
what he wanted to do
for a living and
whether he wouldn't
like to join the postoffice, he replied that
it was his intention to
become a great
artist ...'
Volkswagen beetle
By Adolf Hitler
Corporal Hitler on the right
Hitler with his Chaplin moustache
Adolf Hitler, murderer of millions
'From our first
meeting I swore to
follow you
anywhere - even
unto death - I live
only for your
love.' ---Eva
Hitler and Eva Braun enjoying life
be devoid of: empty of, lacking in, quite
without
• The house is totally
•
•
•
•
•
devoid of furniture!
He is devoid of human
feeling!
A well devoid of water is
useless.
He is a person who is
devoid of sense /shame.
a poem devoid of wit and
inventiveness.
一首缺乏智慧和创意的诗
unsay:
take back or retract (what has been said);
withdraw or disavow (a statement, a promise, an
offer)
• undo
• unfold
• If only I could • unload
unsay my words • unfetter
• retract: animals retract claws;
of anger!
• What has been
said cannot be
unsaid.
•
aircraft retract wheels
Even when he was threatened
with death, the political
prisoner refused to retract his
speeches against the
government.
• immemorial: extending back beyond
memory; ancient
• phr. since time immemorial /
• from time immemorial
• It has remained virtually unchanged since
time immemorial
• From time immemorial there has been the
belief that there are good and bad places
to be.
• …a modern version of an immemorial
myth.
appeal to (for):
make a strong request for
help, support, mercy, sympathy, etc.
• He appealed to his
•
I appeal for political asylum!
•
•
attacker for mercy.
The government is
appealing to everyone to
save water.
She appealed to Germany
for political asylum.
Toys appeal to small
children.
pray:
address a solemn request or
expression of thanks to a deity or other
object of worship; wish or hope strongly for
•a The
whole family
p. outcome
or situation
are praying for
Michael.
• After several days of
rain, we were
praying for sun.
• Pray continued.
• And what, pray, was
the purpose of that?
(ironic or sarcastic
emphasis to a
question)
prayer:
a solemn request for help or
expression of thanks addressed to God or an
object of worship
• For every cupful and plateful, God makes us
grateful.
• I’ll say a prayer for him.
• Prayer bead: a string of beads used in prayer.
• prayer book: a book containing the forms of
prayer regularly used in Christian worship,
esp. a Book of Common Prayer
• not have a prayer: have no chance of
succeeding at sth.
• He doesn’t have a prayer of toppling Tyson.
• A house of ~; a person at ~; kneel down in ~;
dandified:
(of a man) showing excessive
concern about his clothes and appearance
• dressed up in
uniforms with
shoulder-board
(epaulet), insignia,
sabre in scabbard,
and other decorations
Strictly speaking, this kind
of insignias should be
conferred by the King or the
Chief of State in history.
However, during the war
time, those commanders of
the army had the right to
award in the name of
people of Germany or the
chief of the state.
These are the insignias for the brave soldiers in assaulting.
The Insignia for Glory
Das Verwundetenabzeichen
Schildabzeichen
Sturmabteilungsportabzeichen und Reichssportabzeichen
1st class cross insignia
with swords
2nd class cross insignia
with swords
The postwar cross insignias
for cavaliers
Totenkopfring der SS
• The container of the Ring with Skull of
SS
The face of the ring
The side face of the ring
Masopotamian Coinage
• smart: v.intr.
• 1. to cause a sharp, usually superficial,
stinging pain:
• The slap delivered to my face smarted.
• 打在我脸上的这一巴掌开始剧烈地疼痛。
• The incision on my leg smarts.
• 我脚上的伤口剧烈地疼痛着。
• 2.To suffer acutely, as from mental distress,
wounded feelings, or remorse:
• No creature smarts so little as a fool.
(Alexander Pope)
• 傻瓜是精神上折磨受到最少人的。
many a: a large number of
• Many a good man has
•
•
•
been destroyed by booze.
Many a little (pickle)
makes a mickle.
Many a student has been
very successful in TEM 8.
Many a year has passed.
How to address the following
people
• Highness
• prince/princess/
•
•
members of the royal
family
Excellency
ambassador
/archbishop
/governor/ president
•
•
•
•
•
•
Honor
judge / mayor
Majesty
king / queen /
emperor / empress
Grace
duke/duchess/
archbishop
concur:
agree, be of the same opinion
• The authors concurred with the majority.
• They concurred in the creation of the disciplinary
•
•
•
procedures.
“That’s right,” the chairman concurred.
We strongly concur with this recommendation.
The judges all concurred in giving John the prize.
• *Several circumstances concurred to bring about
this result.
irrevocable:
not able to be changed,
reversed, or recovered; unalterable; final
• an ~ decision
• an ~ decree
• an ~ step
• an ~ yesterday
• parley: a discussion or conference,
especially one between enemies over
terms of truce or other matters.
• steadfastly: unswervingly, unchangingly
• struck down: overrun, conquered
yoke:
control; power; sth. that is regarded as
oppressive, burdensome
• the yoke of
•
•
•
•
•
imperialism
the yoke of marriage
to shake off the yoke
Cf. yolk
yodel
yoghurt (sour milk?)
yoke:
• yoke: the condition of being subjugated
by a conqueror; control
• He liberated himself from the ～of drug
addiction.
• 从毒瘾的束缚中解脱出来。
• divergence: deviation from a course
• slacken:to become slow, less active
• e.g. After the news was released, the
tension in the board room finally
slackened.
•
新闻发布后，董事会会议室里的紧张气氛终于松弛
了下来。
• slacken discipline／morale
• 放松纪律／士气松懈
moralize:
express one’s thought (often not
welcome to the listener or reader) on what is right
or wrong(in a tedious way)
The self-righteous moralizing of his
aunt was ringing in his ears.
Don’t moralize!we’re old enough to
know better.
No moralizing here!
fortify:
import vigor or physical strength;
strengthen mentally or physically
• I was fortified by the knowledge that I was in a
•
•
•
•
•
•
sympathetic house.
To fortify one’s courage
to fortify oneself against the cold
to fortify a town against the enemy
to fortify bread
fortified milk
fortified wine
blood:
• blood bank
• 血库
• bloodbath
• 血洗,大屠杀
• bloodmobile
• 采血车
• blood donor
• 献血者
• blood type
• 血型
• blood money
• 血腥钱,补偿的钱
• blood poisoning
• 血液中毒
• blood pressure
• 血压
• blood purge
• 血腥的清洗
• blood serum
• 血清
• bloodshed
• 流血,杀戮
• blood sucker
• 吸血鬼
lust: great desire
• n. blood ~, carnal ~, fiendish / wicked ~
• the ~ of batter/ conquest / creation / the
flesh
• the ~ for fame and fortune / gold / life
• v. ~ after riches / power / women
• gratify one’s lust
• The lust of men must not be overdone.
impel:
drive, force, urge sb.to do sth.;
propel
• Financial difficulties
• Vital energies
•
•
•
impelled him to
desperate measures.
A lack of equality
impelled the
oppressed to fight.
The wind impelled the
boat to shore.
•
impelled him to
unforeseen directions.
He said he had been
impelled to crime by
poverty.
Hunger impelled the
lazy man to work.
lure
• He deeply feels the lure of the sea.
• China is a land of travel ~.
• the ~ of shops / adventure / the
antique
• come to sb’s ~
• v. ~ sb away from his studies / his
wife
• Gambling ~d him to his doom.
motive:
(motivate) a cause of or reason for
action, that which urges sb. to act in a certain
way
motivate: provide sb.
In a case of murder, the
with a very strong reason or
police question everybody
cause for doing sth./taking
who might have a motive.
some action, etc.
His love of money is the
This student sleeps all day
only motive that drives him
long. He needs sth. to
motivate him.
to work so hard.
The stronger the motivation,The murder was motivated
the more quickly one learns. by hatred.
be highly motivated
intervene:
come between so as to prevent or
alter a result or course of events;
• He acted outside his authority when he
•
•
•
intervened in the dispute.
Their forces intervened to halt the attack.
The president intervened in the strike.调停
Christmas intervened and the investigation was
suspended.(occur as a delay or an obstacle to sth
being done)
• “It’s true!” he intervened.(interrupt verbally)
• I’ll come and see you if nothing intervenes.
prosper: succeed, be wealthy
• The schemes of that wicked fellow
often prosper.
• His business in Shanghai has ~ed
well in recent few years.
• I hope you have ~ed from your
stay in our country.
• Everything John does ~s with him
while nothing will ~ in Jack’s hand.
conquer
征服
beat
击败,打败
defeat
挫败,使受挫
lick
打垮
surmount
战胜,凌驾
overwhelm
击溃,
overcome
战胜
overthrow
彻底击败
reduce
控制住,使投降
rout
击溃
subdue
使屈服,征服
vanish
击败,获胜
• yield
• 屈服于武力
• bow
• 出于礼貌或被征服而甘
拜下风
• capitulate
• 屈服于没有力量、技术
或意志去征服的权力或
武力
• cave in
• 拼命抵制但因力竭而屈
服
• defer
• 出于对另外一方权威、
知识的崇敬而俯首听从
• relent
• 指占上风的一方出于怜
悯而变温和,缓和下来
• submit
• 由于不敌对方而屈服
• succumb
• 屈服的一方软弱无助,另
一方强大不可抗拒,结果
往往是灾难性的
overwhelm:
defeat completely: bury or
drown beneath a huge mass
• The Irish side was overwhelmed 15-3 by
Scotland.
• The enemy were ~ed by superior forces.
• The village was ~ed when the flood came.
• The embankment was ~ed and water
surrounded the mosque.
• Your kindness overwhelms me.
• be ~ed: have a strong emotional effect on:
• I was~ed with guilt.
• That old lady was ~ed by grief at the news of
her son’s death.
• an ~ing victory, ~ing sorrow, by an ~ing
hearth and home:
fireside; cozy and
comfortable home (family life)
• He left hearth and home to
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
train in Denmark.
fireplace
mantel
壁炉架/台
mantel-board
壁炉架板
mantelpiece, mantelshelf
壁炉台
manteltree 壁炉楣
ingle
rug
lessons:
• United we stand.
•
•
•
•
Divided we fall.
the “Divide and Rule”
policy
process (tactics)of
destroying his enemies
one by one
the follies of being
struck one by one
sign the pact with G.
The Big Three
Figures of speech
Employed by Churchill in his speech
Parallelism:
• The past, with its crimes, its follies,
and its tragedies, flashes away.
• Pray…for the return of the breadwinner, of their champion, of their
protector.
• We shall fight him by land, we shall
fight him by sea, we shall fight him in
the air.
More example:
• I see the Russian soldiers standing….
I see them guarding….
I see the ten thousand villages of Russia….
I see advancing upon….
I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish
masses….
I see the German bombers and fighters….
I see that small group of villainous….
Function:
•
•
•
•
•
concise in language
balance in structure
forceful in tone
distinguished in significance
add clarity and coherence to what
one wishes to communicate
Features:
• detailed description
• concrete words:
• “stand”,
• “threshold”,
• “till”,
• “laugh”,
• “pray”.
Alliteration:
I see also the dull, drilled, docile,
brutish masses of the Hun
soldiers…
Alliteration phrases;
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
chop and change
might and main
rack and ruin
time and tide
hale and hearty
mud and mire
rhyme or reason
weal and woe
sink or swim
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
多变
力量
毁灭
岁月
健壮
泥沼
条理
祸福
沉浮

But these difficulties, these differences,
should not deter us. ( Richard Nixon )

All of these are written to show us
how we can squeeze all we want to do out of
day, those twenty-four hours which cannot be
stopped, stored or stretched.
Simile:
•...Hun soldiery plodding on
like a swarm of crawling
locusts.
Other examples
•
This momentous decree came as great
beacon light of hope to millions of Negro
slaves…( Martin Luther King )
The United Nations, like a mirror,
reflects the changing scenes of the
international landscape. As the world
political structure changed from time to
time, the United Nations has also
undertaken a bumpy and tortuous journey.
( Jiang Zemin )
Function:
• an association between the large
quantity, disgusting way of advancing
of German soldiers and locusts.
• Increase the impact of the language.
Onomatopoeia:
• I see advancing upon all this in
hideous onslaught the Nazi war
machine, with its clanking, heel
clicking, dandified Prussian
officers,…
Antithesis:
• Any man or state who fights on
against Nazidom will have our aid.
Any man or state who marches
with Hitler is our foe.
Other examples
• Without the assistance of that Divine
Being who ever attended Him, I cannot
succeed. With that assistance, I cannot
fail. ( Abraham Lincoln )
• And so, my fellow Americans: ask not
what your country can do for you --ask what you can do for your country.
( John F. Kennedy)
• Not that I loved Caesar less
But that I loved Rome more.
(Shakespeare)
Periodic Sentence:
• If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet
Russia will cause the slightest divergence of
aims or slackening of effort in the great
democracies who are resolved upon his doom,
he is woefully mistaken.
• Any man or state who fights on against
Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or
state who marches with Hitler is our foe.
function:
• a sentence has its main idea at the end of
the sentence.
• This brings an effect of tenseness,
suspense and dramatic climax.
• Add variety to an otherwise monotonous
sentence structure.
• Increase the difficulty of understanding.
Long sentence:
• He hopes that he may once again repeat,
upon a greater scale than ever before,
that process of destroying his enemies
once more by which he has so long
thrived and prospered, and that then the
scene will be clear for the final act,
without which all his conquests would be
in vein- namely, the subjugation of the
Western Hemisphere to his will and to his
system.
Function:
• clear and explicit
• with no room for misunderstanding or
misinterpretation
• make clear the logical relationship
between events or ideas through
subordination.
Short sentences between long ones
• This changed
•
conviction
•
into certainty.
Function:
Short and snappy
Very emphatic and effective