Transcript Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and Habitats

Analyzing and Managing
Aquatic Ecosystems and
Habitats, World Bank Perspective
Tor Ziegler
The World Bank
SUMBER: www.eamn.org/documents/Stuttgart_presentations/ziegler.ppt
Why Is Water Resources Management
Critical
Population Growing
Economy Growing
Constant amount of water in the cycle
Increasing demand for water
Growing pollution
Increased competition for scarce water
Need for allocation and conflict resolution
SUMBER: www.eamn.org/documents/Stuttgart_presentations/ziegler.ppt
Enabling Environment
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY
Enabling
environment
Assessment
Information
Allocation tools
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Policies
Legislation
Centrallocal
Publicprivate
River basin
SOCIAL EQUITY
The ENABLING ENVIRONMENT sets the rules, the INSTITUTIONAL ROLES and functions
define the players who make use of the MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS
SUMBER: www.eamn.org/documents/Stuttgart_presentations/ziegler.ppt
Comprehensive Framework for
Water Resources Management
Integrated Water Resources Management
•Policies
•Strategies
•Institutions
•Instruments
Water
Supply
and
Sanitation
Irrigation
and
drainage
Pollution
control
Wetlands
Fisheries
Energy
Navigation
Flood
management
Biodiversity
People
Food
Security
Environment
Other
SUMBER: www.eamn.org/documents/Stuttgart_presentations/ziegler.ppt
Sustainability Criteria (Gleick, 1995)
• A minimum water requirement is guaranteed (and realized) to all humans to
maintain human health.
• Sufficient water is guaranteed to restore and maintain the health, services
and functions of ecosystems. Specific amounts will vary depending of climatic
and other conditions. Setting these amounts will require flexible and adaptive
management.
• Data on water resources availability, use, and quality are collected and
accessible to all stakeholders.
• Water quality is maintained to meet agreed standards.
• Human actions in the basin do not impair the long-term renewability of
freshwater stocks and flows.
• Institutional mechanisms exist to resolve conflicts over water.
• Water planning and decision making are participatory and all affected
stakeholders are represented
... conclusions...on substance...
• International Waters
• regional seas (Baltic, Black), lakes (Victoria, Ohrid), rivers
(Mekong, Danube, Nile), groundwater (Guarani, Western
Africa)
• GEF-supported
• WB comparative advantage: convening power, human
capital.
• Rules of engagement: ‘high risk - high return’, demonstrated
commitment, shared vision, secretariat
What are the main challenges ahead?
A DELICATE BALANCE
Water for
LIVELIHOOD
Water and sanitation
for PEOPLE
Rainfall and irrigation
water for FOOD
Water for the economic
functions of
ECOSYSYEMS
Water as a
RESOURCE
…while….
maintaining the
RESOURCE BASE,
both surface and
groundwater - and
biodiversity
From Rhetoric to Action
‘Meat on the bone’
Cases
Mekong Water Utilization Project
Lesotho Highlands, DRIFT
Manantali Dam, Senegal River
Mekong Water Utilization Project
Operationalization of key elements of 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for Sustainable
Development of Mekong Basin
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Period: 2000 - 2007
Formulation & adoption of basin development plan
03: Functional, integrated basin modeling package
03: Inst. & test water knowledge base and info syst.
04: Protoc. for info exch., monitor. & notif. Proced.
05: Adopt provis. instr. flow rules (incl. min. flow)
• Input: Hydrological and hydraulic modeling; purchase commercial software and
hardware; Supplemental data collection etc; integration of existing data-bases;
training of staff; consultations on modeling results for formulating rules of
utilization; ++++
Lesotho Highlands 1
1986 treaty L/SA for 70 cms interbasin transfer from LH to Johannesburg region reassessment, EFscenarios developed
• 1986 treaty specified 0.5 + 0.3 cms minimum flow
• 1990s political transformation, SA water law ‘environmental
reserve’, downstream concerns
• Application of DRIFT-methodology, Downstream Response
to Imposed Flow Transformation (King)
• Decision-making using scenarios not finalized yet
• However, redesign of Mohale dam outlet structure allowing
3-4 cms to pass as environmental flows, and up to 57 cms
for artificial floods
Manantali dam 1
(Senegal, Mali & Mauritania, - Senegal river)
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Unintended impacts of 1988 dam:
Outbreak of bilharzia
Traditional flow recession agriculture hit
Dry season pastures for herders
Flood plain fisheries, proteins for locals
Village drinking water supplies
Flood forests and wetland areas
Manantali dam (+ Diama)
Intended Water Charter
• Impact issues raised with WB in April 1996, - not earlier involved
• Credit negotiations with WB for 200 MW hydro + transmission did include water
management optimization program outline
• Nov. 1997 Dakar workshop reviewed proposed environmental impact mitigation
and monitoring program
• Project launch workshop in Bamako, June, 1998
• Rainy seasons artificial flood test program 1997, ‘98 & ‘99, Public information &
consultations, + Advisory expert panel ‘99
• Ongoing: Reservoir management planning for optimization of artificial floods, and
addressing fisheries aspects, cost/benefit analysis, and preparation of Water
Charter (WC)
• WC will establish water allocation under different hydrological conditions,
expected to be adopted by the 3 Governments in 2001
The Bank/Netherlands Water Partnership
Program (BNWPP)
• BNWPP Ecological Flow (EF) window supports:
• Better integration of EF concepts into project -EA, preparation & appraisal
• Addressing existing projects that offer opportunities
for introducing EF
• Instit. reforms that support leverage of EF
• EF initiatives related to allocation of international
waters
Challenges for Model-builders:
Have to meet real management needs!
• Work with in-country counterparts to build ownership to models and their
applications
• Possibly develop model with client or modify standard models where source code is
open
• Models need to be compatible with availability of input-data and their costs, design
simple approximation solutions when data inadequate
• Man/machine interface and educating decision-makers in using decision support
models, build confidence in use
• Promote use of models to form a basis for basic assessments, combined with
monitoring and adaptive management when project implemented
• Produce a record/report/website of cases that convincingly demonstrates
applications
• Support initiative to create regional expert nodes and networks in developing
countries, - twinning with both north and south experts
Challenges for Model-builders:
Shared vision/scenario- building oriented
• Habitat and population dynamics modeling of tropical and sub-tropical aquatic
ecosystems
• Wetland modeling in habitat, bio-diversity and bio-productivity context
• Seek cost-effectiveness, and keep an eye on ‘rationing’ on data requirements
• Optimize cost/benefit if considering increasing data requirements to achieve
improved model resolution and predictive capacity
• More field-tests and verification of findings from model simulations
• Models for assessment of GHG emission from reservoirs
• Integrated models for use in developing water resources strategies; and as decision
support for WRM & River Basin trade-off/water allocation considerations
• Models that will support interstate upstream/downstream negotiations on shared
rivers