Transcript The Reformation

The Reformation
The English Reformation
Henry VIII to Elizabeth I
Photo Credits
•Sacred Destinations
Lucas Cranach
•Gertrude Kanu
Lee Lai
•Stephen Komp
Charlotte Nordahl
•Mike Reed
Alex Bepple
•Debra Dinda
R. Bean
Great Britain
Uniqueness of England’s Reformation
• English religion as bitter fruit of royal family trees
– Tudors (England) vs. Stuarts (Scotland)
• Produced no outstanding spiritual awakening or
religious leaders to direct reform
– Reformation in England, largely an act of the state
• Via Media: Midway between Catholic & Protestant
– Political interests of subsequent rulers determined religion
• Edward VI (1547-1553) – Protestant leanings
• Mary Tudor [Bloody Mary] (1553-1558) – Staunchly Catholic
• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) – Via Media: Protestant Settlement
Precursors of English Reformation
• Long reputation of maintaining rights of the crown
• Socio-economic realignments
• Breakdown in the church’s function (structure /
personnel)
• The intellectual factor of humanism
– Popular humanistic teachers in key universities
– Strong reaction to Lutheran ideas
– Lutheran interest among scholars at White Horse Inn
– Biblical Translators
• Tyndale: “God grant the King of England’s eyes will be
opened.”
• Coverdale: Great Bible and Geneva Bible
The “Great Matter” -- Securing a
proper divorce for Henry VIII
• Henry’s arranged marriage to Catherine of Aragon
beset with problems
– Doubt about the ethical soundness of the arrangement
– Marriage had produced no male heir for the throne
– He never loved her from the start
• Finding solution for dropping Catherine to marry Anne
– Henry requested Rome to annul his union – impossible
– Cranmer’s conclusion: Declare King supreme in English
spiritual affairs
Ecclesiastical-Political Break with Rome:
Via Reformation Parliament 1529-1536
• Parliamentary Statutes
– Act of Supremacy
– Act of Restraint of Appeals
– Act of Succession
• Cromwell: Key role in separation legislation
– Policies elevated King to supreme ruler & head of church
– Drew Reformation agenda into England
– Fell out of favor and executed
• Cranmer: King’s advisor and archbishop
– Resolved Henry’s “Great Matter”
– Imports reforms into the new Church of England
– Composed Book of Common Prayer
Establishment of English Protestantism
• The Ten Articles
– Composed by Henry to help shape English church
• The Injunctions of 1536 and 1538
– Teach Protestant appropriation of the Ten Articles
– The “Bishops Book” in response to “Pilgrimage of
Grace” riots
• The Six Bloody Articles
– RC reversion due to political pressures from the
continent
Edward VI’s Brief Reign (1547-1553)
• Regents controlled kingly affairs reversing Catholicism
• Seymour: Duke of Somerset: Reformation advance
– Act of Uniformity 1549: To establish order to process
• Dudley: Duke Northumberland: Steadfast establishment
– Influenced by Swiss Reformed
– New Act of Uniformity
– Reissued Second Prayer Book
– Forty-Two Articles prepared by Cranmer
Reign of “Bloody” Mary (1553-58)
• Protestantism her source of dishonor
• Persecution and exodus of Protestant Leaders
• Restoration to Roman Obedience -- Height of reversion
via Cardinal Pole
– Parliament reenacted laws against heresy, enabling
death to Protestants
– Former Archbishop Cranmer in great dilemma
– Era recorded by John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs
• Sudden death ends Mary’s reign, 1558
Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603):
Return to Protestant Agenda
• Protestant by reason of conscience and politics
• Hailed by Protestant party - exiles return from Continent
• Religion & politics required cooperative restructuring
– New Act of Supremacy and Act of Conformity
• Implementing “Religious Uniformity” (Inclusivism)
– Unity of worship in form (latitude in beliefs)
– Reissued Book of Common Prayer (Vestarian Controversy)
– Calculated transfer of ecclesiastical leadership
• Thirty-Nine Articles as doctrinal foundation
Struggle for Catholic Survival:
The Role of Mary, Queen of Scots
• Strong antipathies on either side of the
religious question
– Catholic: Universities were sympathetic to
Catholicism
– Protestant: Marian exiles returning were ardent
Protestants with Calvinist agenda
– Puritan: John Knox no small thorn in Elizabeth’s side
Struggle for Catholic Survival:
The Role of Mary, Queen of Scots
• International Catholic intrigue to overthrow
Elizabeth and restore England to Rome
– Secret agreements between Phillip II, the Pope, and
other European sovereigns
– Covert role of the Jesuits and Catholic Universities
– Pope Pius V declared Elizabeth illegitimate and
excommunicated her
Struggle for Catholic Survival:
The Role of Mary, Queen of Scots
• Enemies invade England via Spain’s Phillip II
– Spanish Armada sent out against England (1588)
– But nature (storms) and clever English fighting
reversed the battle (sinking Armada)
English Independents:
Puritans/Separatists Emerging
• Elizabethan Puritans found it impossible to worship with
the Prayer Book
– Via media not far enough to the right for them
– Those informed by Swiss Calvinism chafe
– Elizabeth and James 1 unwilling to accommodate
– Key Puritans had strong abiding presence (e.g. Baxter)
• Separatist Puritans emerged led by Robert Brown
– Gathered a separated congregation in Norwich
– Birth of English congregationalism
• Parliament passes Act against the Puritans 1593
– Netherlands important sanctuary for Puritans/Separatists
The Reformation
The Catholic
Counter-Reformation
Photo Credits
•Sacred Destinations
Lucas Cranach
•Gertrude Kanu
Lee Lai
•Stephen Komp
Charlotte Nordahl
•Mike Reed
Alex Bepple
•Debra Dinda
R. Bean
Catholic Church both proactive and
reactive in light of present situation
• Proactively: Internal renewal instigated by
upper-class clergy and papacy
– Council of Trent
– Missionary explosion into new worlds
– Monasticism and mysticism revived
• Capuchins, Carmelites
• St. Teresa, St. John of Cross
• Reactively: Defensive measures to confine
Protestantism / prevent spread
– Institutions/programs/actions to counter-balance
advances of Protestantism
Catholic Reformation and
Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Catholic “reformation” preceded and continued
beyond the Protestant Reformation
– Pope Paul III (1534-49) initiated programs of reform
• Counter Reformation officially secured the agenda of
reforming Catholic church
– Roman Inquisition
– Index of prohibited books (till 1966)
– Strengthened relations with Catholic rulers
• Three primary lines of response:
Inquisition, Council of Trent, and the Jesuits
Pope Paul III “Holy Office” of the
Roman Inquisition
• Founded for purpose of dealing with Protestant heresy
• Practices of the Roman Inquisition
– Power to confiscate property, imprison and execute (turn
over) the guilty
– Accused were guilty till proven innocent, could not see
accusers, and could be tortured to extract confession
– Power of pardon was reserved for the Pope
• Dead letter outside of Italy to eliminate heresy
– Rome tried other methods of silencing:
The Index, and Council of Trent
Highlights: Council of Trent (1545-63)
• Background Issues of this “General Council”
– Failed to launch do to fears of papacy for outcome
– Politicking for proper sight and voting establishment
– Weak church representation overall
– Pope never personally attended Council, but sent
legates only
– Long-term affair
• Sat for ~ 6 years over 18 year span with 25 sessions
Highlights: Council of Trent (1545-63)
• Summary of Council Actions:
(only authoritative if/when ratified by Pope)
– Ecclesiastical Reforms
• Reformed rules for indulgences
• Multiple office-holding banned
• Seminaries for every diocese required
• Celibacy for clerics reaffirmed
– Doctrinal Reaffirmations
• Agree faith is necessary for salvation, but not sufficient
• Sacrifice of Mass upheld
• Church tradition and scripture remain equal authority
– Birth of Tridentine Catholic church
The Society of Jesus:
Jesuits of Ignatius Loyola
• Early life of Ignatius (ca. 1495-1556)
– Recuperating from war wound,
former Spanish nobleman/playboy convicted
– Salvation = perfect obedience/loyalty to church
– “Spiritual Exercises”
• Gathered young men at University of Paris
– Vow to take mission to convert Turks or place in
service to the Pope
– Pope approved the order as Society of Jesus
Impact of Jesuit Order:
Education, Polemics, and Missions
• Teaching order in time: Controlled important
educational institutions of RC church
• Helped stem the tide of Protestantism in German lands
– Peter Canisius produced a catechism
• Foreign missions zeal
– Spanish, Portuguese and later French Jesuits carried their
faith to new worlds
– Largely freed from political authorities
– Controversial methods (Rites Controversy)
– Sincere and devoted in their cause
The Later Reformation
Europe Divided
Photo Credits
•Sacred Destinations
Lucas Cranach
•Gertrude Kanu
Lee Lai
•Stephen Komp
Charlotte Nordahl
•Mike Reed
Alex Bepple
•Debra Dinda
R. Bean
Cities of the Reformation
Mosaic of Post-Reformation Traditions
• Four major expressions
– RC remained solid in southern Europe
– Lutherans claimed north Germany / Scandinavia
– Anglican Church became the Church of England
– Reformed Churches dominated Switzerland,
Netherlands and Scotland, and significant
presence in France (Huguenots)
• Scotland converted to Presbyterianism
– Leadership of John Knox
• Polemical Age of “Confessionalism”
Mosaic of Post-Reformation Traditions
• Internal movements within each tradition
divided confessional unity
– Anabaptists split from Reformed, and then split
among themselves
– Anglicans struggled with Puritan/Separatists
movements
– Calvinists divided along distinct confessions:
Westminster, Helvetic, Belgic etc.
– The greatest divide: High Calvinism vs. Arminianism
Rise of Arminianism
• Jacob Arminius was Dutch priest who studied in
Geneva under Beza
– Appointed to refute Coornhert
– Serves as professor of theology at Leyden
• Anti-prelapsarian views become public
• Remonstrance submitted
– Five Major Articles of the Remonstrance (Arminianism)
• Synod of Dort, 1619
– Condemnation of Arminianism
• Arminian Legacy
– Dutch Arminianism: rationalistic in spirit/approach
– High Church Anglicans: Arminian view of grace
Rise of the Baptists
• Origins in Puritans of Church of England
– Henry Jacob was key leader (Jacobites)
• John Smyth launched a “baptist” movement
– Thomas Helwys formed first Baptist Church of
London
– General Baptists emerged from these groups
• Particular Baptists retained Calvinistic
statements of Dort
– Insisted on baptism by immersion
Rise of the Quakers:
Ministry of George Fox
(1624-1685)
• Cobbler’s apprentice in English village
• Weary of formal religion of England
George Fox
[Engraving by "S. Allen" of
a painting by "S. Chinn“]
• Christ revealed to him in immediate experience
– Inner Light is true route to find God
• Remarkable ministry despite persecution
– Religious visionary and social reformer
– Denied need for churches / priests to find God
– Taught that in Christ, can be delivered from all sin
– Meeting houses multiplied where “Friends” gathered /
trembled with emotion (Quakers)
Style of Quaker Ministry
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Old Testament prophetic office type ministry
Pleaded for religious freedom
Compassionate and mission-minded
Argued against slavery
Unique lifestyle an image of a “persecuted” religion
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Refused to pay tithes to government
Would not swear an oath
Would not bow before “betters” or uncover their head
Preferred “thou” and “thee” for reference to others
Worship service in silence
No sacraments
Emphasized community and love
Pacifist: Christ removed need for war
Style of Quaker Ministry
• Growth and expansion despite persecution
– Many Friends migrated to America for freedom of
religious expression
– William Penn established a “holy experiment” in
Pennsylvania
– Paved way for religious toleration, allowing
immigration of many Quakers
Wars of Religion (16-17th c)
• Political rivalries fueled by religious divisions
– Hapsburgs fighting to control emerging nations
• Conflicts in England, Scotland, France, Germany
– Struggle for future control of Europe unleashed
greatest war to date
• Thirty Years War (1618-1648) ravaged continent
• Left in its wake a new European arrangement of
nations and religion
French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
• Series of religious wars (Guise/Lorraine vs. Bourbons)
– Catholics could not suppress Huguenots, and
Huguenots could not conquer Paris
• The Massacre at Vassy
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
– Pope Gregory XIII ordered a Te Deum
• War of the Henry’s settled the issue
• Edict of Nantes (1598) granted Huguenots
freedom of worship
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Four phases of conflict
– Hapsburg powers of Holy Roman empire and Spain
– French, English, Dutch, Protestant German states
• Defenestration of Prague
• Final European “war of religion”
– Began as religious struggle with political overtones
– Ended as political struggle with religious overtones
• Peace of Westphalia, 1643-48
– Holy Roman Empire became a mere geographical term
– Stabilized the political and religious map of Europe
– Heralding coming of modern era – post Christian Europe
English Civil War (1641-1646)
• Puritan frustrations over royal policies
– King Charles, King James I, William Laud
• Scots rebelled – put down by the King
• Irish rebelled – “plantation policy” in the north
• Full-blown civil war in England
– Protestants under Cromwell enlisted help of Scots
(Westminster Confession drafted)
– Puritans establish a “Commonwealth”
• Charles II returned from exile, crowned king