Transcript HOW DID WE GO FROM…..

“THE SHIFT FROM FOOD-GATHERING
TO FOOD-PRODUCING CULTURES
REPRESENTS ONE OF THE GREATEST
BREAKTHROUGHS IN WORLD
HISTORY.”
The importance of……?
Part A
1. Make a list of the snacks
and meals that you ate
yesterday and today.
2. Where do all these foods
and drinks originate from?
Part B
3. Make a list of everything
that exists in the world
around you.
4. Which of these things
would disappear if farms
disappeared?
5. Why would the
disappearance of farming
cause other things to
disappear?
AGRICULTURE:
The raising of
crops and animals
for human use.
6.1.3:
Discuss the climactic changes and human modifications of the physical
environment that gave rise to the domestication of plants and animals and new
sources of clothing and shelter.
ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
1.From huntergathering to
farming: Why the
Stone Age switch?
2. Why was it a
Neolithic
“Revolution”?
WHY DID STONE AGE HUMANS
MAKE THE SWITCH…..
TO THIS?
FROM THIS?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fu97ZJ1h1g
Göbekli Tepe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLJfZOyFpZ
o
McGraw Hill Ancient
Civilizations, 2006
TCI The Ancient World, 2004
HOLT Ancient Civilizations,
2006
Why was it a
NEOLITHIC “REVOLUTION”?
CATAL HOYUK
JERICHO
NEOLITHIC: Relating to the later part of the Stone Age, called the New Stone Age
(8000 to 3000 B.C.E )
REVOLUTION: A sudden or very great change in ways of thinking or behaving.
Catal Huyuk and Jericho:
Where were they located?
FERTILE CRESCENT
CATAL HOYUK
Time and Place
• Evidence indicates
that this settlement
existed from c.7500
BCE to 5000 BCE .
• Located in the
Middle-East, in the
country of Turkey.
• As many as 5000
people may have
lived in Catal Hoyuk.
CATAL HOYUK: Agriculture
•
•
•
•
Located on the banks of the Carsamba river.
Flooded areas created marshland around the town (Spring).
Sediment from the river made land fertile.
Farmers grew wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, berries, and
nuts.
• Raised flocks of sheep and herds of goats. They also kept
dogs.
CATAL HOYUK: Shelter
• Rectangular houses
made of mud-dried bricks
with high walls.
• Entrance to each house
was on the roof.
• Entrance into each
house was by ladder
• Houses were joined
together to provide
protection for the town.
• Movement within the
town was done across
the roofs.
CATAL HOYUK: Resources and
Specialization
• Animals hunted in the local mountains (wild boar, deer,
leopards…), and birds hunted in surrounding marshland.
• Fishing in the Carsamba river.
• Evidence of pottery-making.
• Evidence of beer making.
• Obsidian (a volcanic, glassy rock) from the local mountains
was used to make tools.
• Evidence of trade with other communities.
CATAL HOYUK: Culture
•
•
-
Evidence of religion:
Shrines*
Sculptures
Murals
Animal sacrifice
Burial practices
Types of gods:
Fertility goddess
Animal gods (Bull,
Vultures…)
*A building or place of worship.
Fertility Goddess
JERICHO
Time and Place
• Evidence indicates that
this settlement existed
from c.8500 BCE to
6000 BCE .
• Located in the MiddleEast, in the Occupied
Territories (West
Bank).
• As many
as 1000 people
may have lived in
Jericho.
Mediterranean
Sea
West Bank
Jericho
ISRAEL
J
O
R
D
A
N
JERICHO: Agriculture
• The town was located near
a natural oasis spring,
which provided constant
water source (1,000 gallons
per hour).
• It was also four miles away
from the Jordan river.
• Evidence of canals dug to
move water to farmland.
• Wheat, barley, peas, and
lentils were grown, with
sheep and goats raised for
their meat and wool.
JERICHO: Shelter
• Jericho was situated on a large
mound surrounded by massive stone
walls, almost 12 feet in height, with a
great, circular watchtower 30 feet tall:
Evidence of a well-organized and
disciplined force of laborers.
• Inside the walls were circular houses
made of mud bricks.
• Houses had as many as three rooms,
with main room located underground
(storage areas, hearth, baking ovens.)
JERICHO: Resources and Specialization
• Gazelles, hares, wild boar, and birds were hunted in
surrounding areas.
• Fish taken from river.
• Close to large supplies of salt, sulfur, and pitch.
• Evidence of pottery making and basket-weaving.
• Jericho was located on an important trade route.
• Traded goods found at Jericho:
- obsidian
- cowrie shells
- semi-precious stones
* Altar: A table or flat-topped block used for religious rituals.
JERICHO: Culture
• Evidence of ancestor
worship:
- Bodies buried beneath
houses.
- Skulls, plastered and
painted so as to re-make
the ancestor’s face.
- Skulls kept in the homes
on altars*.
• Evidence of religious
shrines.
- Areas of statues, and
circles of skulls facing
inwards.
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=Q1Zm
ZXicwug&list=PL52B
82F17FB024CD1
Classroom Debate: Expectations
• Wait your turn to speak
• Only the person holding
the rain stick is able to
speak.
• Be polite and respectful
to other classmates
• Use these sentences for
quality discussion:
“ I completely agree with
(name) because”
“ In response to (name), I
think/believe that…”
“I have to disagree with
(name) because….”
Why should
I settle in
your town?
Ötzi
Ötzi the Iceman:
What happened to him?
What does he tell us about the Neolithic
Era?
http://www.iceman.it/kids/index_en.php
What does Ötzi’s life and death tell us about
the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)?
AGRICULTURE
SHELTER
Catal Hoyuk
TIME
PLAC
E
RESOURCES AND SPECIALIZATION
CULTURE
AGRICULTURE
SHELTER
Jericho
TIME
PLAC
E
RESOURCES AND SPECIALIZATION
CULTURE
CATAL HOYUK
(Differences)
JERICHO
SIMILARITIES
AGRICULTURE
(Differences)
Name:____________
Class: ____________
Other differences
and similarities:
_______________
_______________
SHELTER
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
RESOURCES/
SPECIALIZATION
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
CULTURE
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
Otzi the Iceman
What have archaeologists
learned about the Iceman?
Otzi the Iceman was discovered in
1991, eroding out of a glacier in the
Italian Alps near the border
between Italy and Austria. The
human remains are of a Late
Neolithic man who was died
between about 3350-3300 BC.
Because he ended up in a
crevasse, his body was perfectly
preserved by the glacier in which
he was found, rather than crushed
by the glacier's movements in the
last 5,000 years. The remarkable
level of preservation has allowed
archaeologists the first detailed
look into clothing, behavior, tool use
and diet of the period.
So Who Was Otzi the Iceman?
The Iceman stood about 158 cm (5'2") tall, and weighed about 61 kg (134 lbs). He
was rather short compared to most European males of the time, but sturdily built.
He was in his mid-40s, and his strong leg muscles and overall fitness suggest that
he may have spent his life herding sheep and goats up and down the Tyrolean Alps.
He died about 5200 years ago, in the late spring. His health was fair for the period,
but he had arthritis in his joints and there was evidence of high levels of arsenic in
his hair. Arsenic is a by-product produced during the smelting of copper. This also
suggests that he was closely involved in the making of copper tools and weapons.
Otzi had several tattoos on his body, including a cross on the inside of his left knee;
six parallel straight lines arranged in two rows on his back above his kidneys, each
about 6 inches long; and several parallel lines on his ankles. Some have argued
that tattooing may have been some sort of acupuncture.
The Iceman's Clothing and Equipment
The Iceman carried a range of tools, weapons, and containers. An animal skin
quiver contained arrow-shafts made of hazel wood, sinews and flint. A copper ax
head with a yew haft and leather binding, a small flint knife and a pouch with a flint
scraper were all included in the artifacts found with him. He carried a yew bow, and
researchers at first thought the man had been a hunter-gatherer by trade, but
additional evidence makes it clear he was a pastoralist--a Neolithic herder.
Otzi's clothing included a belt, loincloth, and goat-skin leggings. He wore a bear-skin
cap, outer cape and coat made of woven grass and moccasin-type shoes made
from deer and bear leather. He stuffed those shoes with moss and grasses, no
doubt for insulation and comfort.
Iceman's Last Days
Otzi was probably born near the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers of Italy,
near where the town of Brixen is today, but that as an adult, he lived in the lower
Vinschgau valley, not far from where he was eventually found.
The Iceman's stomach held cultivated wheat, possibly consumed as bread; meat
from wild animals, and dried sloe berries. Blood traces on the stone arrow points he
carried with him are from four different people, suggesting he had participated in a
fight for his life. He also had a number of broken ribs.
Further analysis of the contents of his stomach and intestines have allowed
researchers to describe his last two to three days as both hectic and violent. During
this time he spent time in the high pastures of the Otzal valley, then walked down to
the village in the Vinschgau valley. There he was involved in a violent confrontation,
sustaining a deep cut on his hand. He fled back into the Tisenjoch ridge where he
died.
Death of an Iceman
Before Otzi died, he had suffered two fairly serious wounds, in addition to a blow to
the head. One was to his right palm, a deep cut that occurred between 3 and 8 days
before his death. The other was a wound in his left shoulder. In 2001, x-rays and
revealed a stone arrowhead embedded in that shoulder.
A research team led by Frank Jakobus Rühli at the Swiss Mummy Project at the
University of Zurich used multislice computed tomography, a non-invasive computer
scanning process used in detecting heart disease, to examine Otzi's body. They
discovered a 13-mm tear in an artery within the Iceman's torso. Otzi appears to
have suffered massive bleeding as a result of the tear, which eventually killed him.
Researchers believe that the Iceman was sitting in an semi-upright position when
he died. Around the time he died, someone pulled the arrow shaft out of Otzi's body,
leaving the arrowhead still embedded in his chest.