Transcript COLLISION AVOIDANCE - Aviation Human Factors

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COLLISION AVOIDANCE
A Different Perspective
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What Different Perspective?
 No Boring Statistics !
 No Boring Discussion on the
Limitations of the Human Eye !
 No “How to Scan for Traffic” Sermon
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The Goals
Define the
Problem
Offer Solutions
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BUT FIRST . . .
. . . a little review !
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The Holy Grail
FAR 91 . 113
. . . Vigilance shall be maintained by each
person operating an aircraft so as to see
and avoid other aircraft.
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THE CHALLENGE
 As the National Airspace System becomes
increasingly complex, the threat of mid-air
collisions involving general aviation
recreational aircraft will increase !
 Mid-air collisions usually involve fatalities -
there are no fender-benders in the air !
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Interesting Statistics !
1991 - 1996
79 Mid-air collisions involving general
aviation aircraft !
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DOES NOT INCLUDE FAR Part 121 / 135 Aircraft
Military Aircraft
Public Use Aircraft
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SAFER SKIES
A Focused Agenda
 Pilot Judgment & Decision-making
 Loss of Aircraft Control
 Weather Factors
 Survivability
Collision Avoidance
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INTERESTING HUMAN
LIMITATIONS
 Empty-Field Myopia
 Blind Spots
 Fixation /
Distractions
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GENERAL AVIATION MID-AIR COLLISIONS 1991 – 1996
(General Aviation Aircraft Only)
Facts...
1991 – 17 Collisions Involving 31 Aircraft
1992 - 11 Collisions Involving 22 Aircraft
1993 - 10 Collisions Involving 17 Aircraft
1994 - 8 Collisions Involving 15 Aircraft
1995 - 15 Collisions Involving 29 Aircraft
1996 - 18 Collisions Involving 31 Aircraft
Over ½ of these collisions occurred
in the traffic pattern or on approach
or departure from an airport.
80% of mid-air collisions occurred
within 10 miles of an airport.
Prevalent Locations for Mid-air Collisions in the Traffic Pattern
DOWNWIND LEG 2%
BASE LEG 18%
FINAL APPROACH 80 %
78% of collisions occurring in vicinity of airports occurred at non-tower
airports.
The vast majority of mid-air collisions occur –
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During daylight hours
Below 3,000 feet agl
Within 10 miles of an airport
On weekend days
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What does all of this mean ?
 Because of physical
limitations and the
increasingly complex
nature of our airspace
system, the potential
for a mid-air collision
is very real and will
remain a serious
threat to general
aviation safety !
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The Strategy The Three W’s
WHEN ?
WHERE ?
WHAT ?
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THE STRATEGY !
 WHEN
are mid-air collisions most
likely to occur ?
 WHERE
is the potential for a midair collision the greatest ?
 WHAT
can the pilot do to prevent
or minimize this threat ?
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WHEN ?
 VFR WEATHER
 BELOW 3,000 FEET AGL
 WITHIN 10 MILES OF DEPARTURE
AIRPORT
 WEEKENDS
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WHERE ?
 WITHIN 10 MILES OF NON-TOWER
AIRPORTS
 TRANSITION TO/FROM THE
TRAFFIC PATTERN
PRIMARILY IN THE TRAFFIC
PATTERN !
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Everything You Always Wanted to Know
About the Traffic Pattern, but . . .
 FAR 91 . 113
 FAR 91 . 126
 FAR 91 . 127
 AIM
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FAR 91 . 126
When approaching to land at an airport
without an operating control tower . . .
each pilot of an airplane must make all
turns of that airplane to the left [ unless
otherwise designated ].
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FAR 91 . 127
When operating in the vicinity of an airport
in Class E airspace, comply with FAR
91.126
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Furthermore . . .
Aeronautical Information Manual
Chapter 4 Section 3
Airport Operations
FAA Advisory Circular 91-66A
Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns
and Practices For Operations At Airports
Without Operating Control Towers 21
CONFUSING ?
You Bet !
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SURVIVAL STRATEGIES
The “WHAT”
Know where the traffic is !
Airports
Victor Airways
MTRs
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SURVIVAL STRATEGIES
The Sequel !
Know where the potential for
conflict is the greatest !
Traffic Pattern
(Specifically Final Approach)
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The TRAFFIC Pattern !
 Downwind Leg
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2%
 Base Leg
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18%
Final Approach -
80%
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(F)USTALL
 Look out - and LOOK OUT!
 Where & When to ESPECIALLY look?
 Constantly checking for traffic should be
a habit - a way of life. Without it you may
not have a life…!
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Entry
Downwind
Base
Final
Critical ‘Check For Traffic’ Points
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SURVIVAL STRATEGIES
Part Three
RADIOS use them or lose them !
Report positions frequently, and accurately,
when operating in the vicinity of a nontower airport.
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SURVIVAL STRATEGIES
The Conclusion
“See and Avoid” is more than a regulation,
It is an Attitude !
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It’s all up to you!
 Be aware - responsibility for mid-air
collision avoidance is in YOUR hands!
 ‘ SEE AND BE SEEN’!
 Check your attitude - no-one is invulnerable.
Thanks for listening - any questions…?
Lou Frank
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