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the Catholic Church
Inquisition
Western Schism
Protestant Revolt
What is it?
A distinct ecclesiastical tribunal with
the purpose of investigating and
eliminating heresy.
There were a number of Inquisitions within
the Church
1. Inquisition of the Middle Ages- France
1184
2. Spanish Inquisition – Spain 1478
3. Roman Inquisition - Italy 1542
“The Inquisitor, strictly speaking, was a special
but permanent judge, acting in the name of the
pope and clothed by him with the right and the
duty to deal legally with offences against the
faith; he had, however, to adhere to the
established rules of canonical procedure and
pronounce the customary penalties” – Catholic
Encyclopedia
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The Church has always and continues to
combat heresy and unorthodox teaching. It is
her right and duty.
Church and State are not separated.
Therefore heresy is seen as treason.
Good intentions/not as good application
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1148
Response to Albigensian heresy
Called by Pope Gregory IX in order to
humanely control and judge heretics.
The Church also provided an ecclesiastical
punishment for those found guilty. (ex.
Excommunication)
Some heretics were handed over to the state.
The state then administered punishments.
From Albi France.
1. Two gods – one (spiritual) good, one (matter) evil
2. Can only receive baptism and Confession at the same
time
3. View matter as evil, (Gnostic View)
-suicide is seen as a good thing,
-abortion is good
-marriage is bad
- murder is acceptable
4. Because Albigensianism was so dangerous, Pope
Innocent III called for a Crusade against them.
5. Kings and Emperors zealously attacked the heretics,
burning them at the stake to “help” the Church.
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Religion is so intertwined into community and
everyone accepts it as the Truth. Therefore
heresy tears apart the fabric of society and
usurps the King (who has God given
authority)
Heresy = Treason, Treason = Death ,Heresy = Death
(secular view)
Heretics are lost sheep in need of Christ and Truth.
(Church view)
Inquire  Inquisition
Church
-Ecclesial punishment,
extreme cases =
excommunication
State
-Torture
-Imprisonment
-burning at the stake
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Mainly implemented by Ferdinand and
Isabella shortly after the Reconquista (1491).
Started to protect their country from the
“threat” of Jews and Moslems living in Spain –
political reasons, not religious driven
The pope asked them to be more moderate
with their punishments – the king and
queen’s men were pretty violent.
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Conversos -Protestants and Jews who had
converted.
Cryptic Jews – Jews who maintained their
former religious practices after “converting”.
Moriscos – Muslims who converted to
Christianity.
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Most benign and least violent of all the
Inquisitions
Held in the Italian peninsula
Began in 16th c. ended in 19th c.
Ex. Galileo’s trial was technically under the
Roman Inquisition.
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In a bad year, the Inquisitions burned at the
stake 3 heretics at the most.
Most Anti-Catholics maintain that millions
were killed due to the Inquisitions. The fact is
that about 3 to 5 thousand were killed (still
not good but millions is absurd)
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Myth
Millions of people
were killed due to the
inquisition.
Jews & Muslims were
persecuted
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Torture was used to
force conversions.
Truth
3 to 5 thousand were
killed within 250
years.
Only those Jews or
Muslims that had
converted and then
suspected of heresy.
Torture was a means
to gain a confession
which then could be
denied or affirmed
later.
Read 172- 175 answer Study questions 43-48
and Practical Exercises #6 (due Wednesday)
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“Darn it! He should have known better. Now
the cops were going to know where to find
him.”
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Pope Clement V moved the Papal throne from
Rome to Avignon France
◦ This was due to the political climate of Rome and
pressure from the French King.
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7 Popes resided in Avignon for 67 years.
Heavily influenced by the French Crown
- Ends when Gregory XI abandons Avignon and
moves back to Rome.
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Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 (curia moved to
Avignon March 9, 1309)
Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 (in Rome 13671370; returned to Avignon 1370)
Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378 (left Avignon to
return to Rome on September 13, 1376)
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Catherine
Visited in 1376 to request that
Gregory XI return the papacy
to Rome.
Points she made:
could better deal with aftermath of
Black Plague,
◦ could be an impartial force for
peace in 100 Years War and
infighting in Italy
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Papacy returned to Rome in
1377
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Gregory XI returns the Papacy to Rome at
promptings of St. Catherine of Sienna.
He dies on March 27, 1378 shortly after
arriving in Rome.
Romans want the Papacy to remain in Rome,
they want him to at least be Italitan.
During the Papal election riots erupt and call
out the candidate they want
◦ Does duress caused by these riots make the
election invalid?
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Pope Urban VI was elected.
Not a very good pope = cardinals made a bad
decision… but he is still Pope!
Cardinals then choose another pope Clement
VII!
Two popes at the same time, which one is the
legitimate pope? Urban VI or Clement VII.
This conflict split Christendom.
Further splits when a third pope is elected!
Gregory XI – Returns to Papacy to Rome
Popes
Urban VI - 1378-1389
Avignon Line (antipopes)
Clement VII -1378 -1394
Boniface IX – 1389 1404
Benedict XIII - 1394 -1417 John XXIII 1410-1415
Innocent VII – 1404-1406
Gregory XII – 1406 -1415
Pisan Line (antipopes)
Alexander V 1409-1410
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Council of Constance –
◦ Pope Martin V is elected in 1417
◦ Avignon Pope is disposed
◦ Roman and Pisian Pope resign
All is back on track with the Papacy!
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We’ve seen that antipopes can exist.
We’ve seen that antipopes can reign from
Rome.
Illustrates how far the Church can go without
immediate and direct intervention.
What letter comes next in this sequence?
M, A, M, J, J, A, S, O, ____
Read your section of the source.
Summarize and Share
General Summary
Provide important details
Share at least one important quote from
your section.
How might our society react/respond to
something an epidemic like this?
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Began in 1347
Infected rats carrying fleas made it to Europe
from Asia on Italian ships
Killed 75-200 million people in Europe, or
30%-50% of Europe’s population
What might be some effects of the Black
Death?
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General despair of the population
Lead to collapse of family life/people locking
themselves within the home
Problems with burying the dead
Economic collapse
Many clergy and religious died -> shortage of
clergy.
Decline in religion, ignorance of the laity.
Leads to the Protestant reformation
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Stand Up
Someone in the room has the Black Plague. The
person cannot say if they have it right now.
Mix around the room while the music plays
When it stops turn to the person closest to you. You
MUST have a partner.
Ask each other if they have the Plague. Answer with
either a Nod (yes) or shake your head (no).
Play rock paper scissors. If one person has the
plague and they win their partner now has the
plague. If neither have simply enjoy the game.
If both have the plague the loser “dies” and must sit
down.
Repeat and find a new partner.
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Nepotism -the practice among those with power or influence
of favoring relatives or friends, esp. by giving them jobs.
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Simony
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Nominalism - the doctrine that universals or general ideas are
mere names without any corresponding reality, and that only
particular objects exist; properties, numbers, and sets are
thought of as merely features of the way of considering the
things that exist. Important in medieval scholastic thought,
nominalism is associated particularly with William of Occam.
Humanism - an outlook or system of thought attaching prime
importance to human rather than divine or supernatural
matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and
goodness of human beings, emphasize common human
needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human
problems.
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Cultural movement, means “Re-birth” in
Italian. (1400’s)
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Revival of art, literature and knowledge
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Plagued by continued corruption of popes
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Lack of competent priests
How important is perspective within history?
Often times there is more to see!
Reform
-to change to a better state, form, etc.;
improve by alteration, substitution, abolition,
etc.
Revolt
-to break away from or rise against constituted
authority, as by open rebellion; cast off
allegiance or subjection to those in authority;
rebel; mutiny
“The negotiation about doctrinal agreement
displeases me altogether, for this is utterly
impossible unless the pope has his papacy
abolished. Therefore avoid and flee those who
seek the middle of the road. Think of me after I
am dead and such middle-of-the-road men
arise, for nothing good will come of it. There
can be no compromise”
What Luther Says, II: 1019)
What kind of a church is the pope’s church? It is an
uncertain, vacillating and tottering church. Indeed,
it is a deceitful, lying church, doubting and
unbelieving, without God’s Word. For the pope
with his wrong keys teaches his church to doubt
and to be uncertain. If it is a vacillating church,
then it is not the church of faith, for the latter is
founded upon a rock, and the gates of hell cannot
prevail against it
Luther’s Works, vol. 40, Church and Ministry II, The
Keys, p.348)
http://ergofabulous.org/luther/
1. Rising Nationalism
2. Printing press
3. Political Corruption and high taxation
4. Bubonic Plague
5. Poor Church Leadership and clergy behavior
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German Augustinian Monk
Had major issues with his
own personal salvation- did
not trust God.
Discernment process to
become a monk is not good.
Dissatisfaction with the
Church – some legitimate
qualms, most not.
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Sale of indulgences
Clerical corruption
Ignorance of the Faith
95 Thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg
Church on October 31, 1517. (Not the way to
request a reform in the Church)
Scripture alone (sola scriptua)
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Faith comes from scripture, not tradition.
Protestants say: “Scripture is inspired so we
know it is valid, tradition comes from man
so it is flawed because man is flawed”
Rejection of Tradition and Magisterium
Orthodox teaching: Scripture and Tradition
is necessary.
(Scripture is a result of tradition!)
Sola Fidei – Faith Alone
 Good works are not required for salvation.
 Faith by itself justifies an individual and saves
their soul.
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Orthodox teaching: Faith and Good works are
necessary.
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95 Theses were generally ignored by the
Vatican until 1520 – seen as infighting between
Augustinians and Dominicans
1520: Leo X excommunicates Luther unless he
retracts his beliefs (Exsurge Domine)
◦ Luther burns the letter publically
1521: Leo X formally excommunicates Luther
with the Decet Romanum Pontificem
1521: Diet of Worms:
◦ Luther declared that he could not deny his
conscience
◦ Emp. Charles V declared Luther a heretic
punishable by death
◦ Duke Frederick hid Luther in his castle to keep
him from being killed
From Luther to Lutheranism
 Though Luther spent most of his remaining life
in his home city, Wittenburg, Germany, his ideas
spread through use of the newly-invented
printing press. Followers of Martin Luther broke
away from the Catholic Church and called
themselves Lutherans.
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Fights broke out between Catholics and
Lutherans regarding church life, sacraments, and
other issues. Luther and his followers no longer
allowed religious orders, denied most of the
sacraments, and rejected the authority of the
Pope and Catholic Bishops and Sacred Tradition.
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French Catholic by birth
Established a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
– based on Presbyters as governors or secular
and religious
A sola scriptura faith – however there is no
room for personal interpretation
Discipline is a mark of faith – huge on law and
order!
Predestination – one is either destined for
eternal salvation or damnation from birth –
only the elect were saved
You can not tell what your fate is, but wealth,
health and morality are indicators
Scottish follower of Calvin
 Established the Presbyterian Church
◦ Presbyter = Greek for elders 
Presbyterianism was governed by
elders
 Never established a theocracy, but
otherwise the same as Calvinism
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From birth a devoted Catholic – he wrote against
the teachings of Luther and was awarded the
title “Defender of the Faith”
Break with the RCC occurred as reaction to a
denied annulment in his marriage to Catherine
of Aragon
◦ Real issue: he wanted a son and she wasn’t
giving him one
1533 – break complete: Henry declares that he
is not subject to any foreign powers and
proclaimed himself the head of the Church of
England (Anglicans)
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Original intent: free himself from Rome’s
control over marital issues  not
Protestantism
Those who remained loyal to the Pope
were killed or persecuted
Some Anglicans became so extreme that
the wanted to purify the church of all
“Catholic trappings”  Puritans
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1478-1535
Chancellor of the English
throne.
Opposes Henry VIII decision to
move away from the Catholic
Church.
Defends the authority of the
Bishop of Rome (pope).
Exectuted 6 July 1535 by
beheading
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4Gg
N6D8mGI
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St. Thomas More – a lawyer and friend
of Henry 8th who refused to
acknowledge the King’s divorce –
martyred
◦ Famous line “I am the King’s loyal servant,
but God’s first”
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Queen Elizabeth – firmly established
Protestantism in England during her
reign
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Bishop of Rochester
Opposed Henry VIII and
the Anglican Church
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Was martyred by Henry is
1535 after becoming a
Cardinal.
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Diet of Augsburg
(1552)“Whose region, his
religion.” The leader
of a city was allowed
to choose Catholicism
or Lutheranism and
the people had to
follow that decision.
30 Years War 1618-1648
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Catholics vs. Protestants
Leads to decline of power
and influence of the
Catholic Church
Peace of Westphalia ends
the war!
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King Henry VIII
daughter who makes
England Catholic for a
short period of time.
Queen from 15531558
Known as Bloody
Mary because she
executed many
protestants. However
this is a misnomer.
(273)
Her half sister killed
many more Catholics
than she did
Protestants. (700)
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Movement to actually reform the Church.
Not necessarily a direct reaction to the
Protestant revolt. (Reforms had begun before
Martin Luther).
Often called the “Counter-Reformation”
because it happens after the Protestant
Revolt.
Lasting from 1560-1650
The Church emphasized and focused on these
three things during the Reformation:
Doctrine
Discipline
Devotion
What does the Church do when it has an issue?
Ecumenical Council convened in order to
make legitimate reform AND respond to
Protestantism.
Council of Trent
 1545-1563: a period of reform within
the Church
 Charles V suggested that a council be
held in Germany since that is where the
Ref. started  called by Paul III in Trent,
Ger.
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Choose cardinals and bishops more carefully
and have stronger requirements of them
Reaffirmed celibacy
Reaffirmed distinctive dress for religious
Established the canon of Scriptures
Reaffirmed the one deposit of Faith given by
Scripture and Tradition.
Reaffirmed the number of Sacraments as 7
Transubstantiation
Established Seminaries/ Reformed training of
clergy
Establishment of the Roman Missal in Latin
Rite
 Roman Catechism
 Saints among the Clergy:
Robert Bellarmine - Great priest who
wrote apologetics against the common
heresies of his time.
Charles Borromeo - Helped establish Catholic
education, especially for seminarians.
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Spanish Knight
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Wrote Spiritual
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Exercises
Founded the Society of
Jesus
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They were to teach and took a fourth vow of
obedience to the Pope. They had a special role in
helping the Pope to reform the Church.
"Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God
beneath the banner of the Cross in our Society,
which we desire to be designated by the Name of
Jesus, and to serve the Lord alone and the Church,
his spouse, under the Roman Pontiff, the Vicar of
Christ on earth, should, after a solemn vow of
perpetual chastity, poverty and obedience, keep
what follows in mind”
St. Francis de Sales- Wrote Introduction to the
Devout Life
Francis Xavier – missionary to Asia
Teresa of Avila – Reformed Carmelites, first
woman Doctor of the Church.
John of the Cross – Also helped reform the
Carmelites, wrote beautiful poetry, was a
mystic.