Transcript The Reformation

The Reformation:
The Church in Turmoil
HIS 102
Renaissance Preludes
• Church seen as impersonal, worldly, and often
corrupt
– Mass said in Latin (hoc est corpus meium)
– Borgias symbolized corruption in the Church
• Mysticism emphasized individual experience of
God’s love
– Gerard Groote (1340-1384) – founded Modern
Devotion movement
– Brothers (and Sisters) of the Common Life
– Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471) wrote The Imitation of
Christ
– St. Catherine of Siena represented mystical tradition
Calls for Reform
• Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism spawned several
reform movements:
– John Wyclif (1328-1384) led Lollard movement in England
• called for vernacular translation of Bible
• denied temporal authority of the Pope
– Jan Hus (1374-1415) led similar movement in Bohemia - burned
at the stake as a heretic by Council of Constance
• Northern Renaissance & Christian Humanism emphasized
education and reading Bible
– Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) denounced abuses of Pope
Julius II (1503-13) & called for reform
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Augustinian monk & professor of
theology at Wittenburg University
• Experienced breakthrough in
1516: justification by faith
• Posted his 95 Theses (Oct. 31,
1517) opposing sale of
indulgences
– Pope Leo X issued special
indulgences to finance construction
of St. Peter’s Basilica
– Albrecht of Brandenburg sold them
to pay back loan to Fuggers
– Johann Tetzel was itinerant monk
with flare for sales
Luther Develops His Ideas Further
• In Leipzig Debate vs. Johann Eck (July 1519) Luther
denied authority of Popes & Church councils altogether
• Wrote 3 Books in 1520:
– The Address to the German Nobility sought political support
for establishing an independent, reformed church in Germany
– The Babylonian Captivity of the Church argued Popes used
sacramental system to keep gospel in captivity, & called for
freedom for clergy to marry
– On the Freedom of a Christian Man argued good works
were believers’ response to God’s love, not the means of
salvation
The Lutheran Church
• Luther excommunicated by Pope & declared
outlaw by imperial Edict of Worms (1521)
• Frederick, Elector of Saxony & other nobles
protected & supported Luther
– Issued Protest of the German Nobles in 1529
– Formed Schmalkaldic League alliance in 1531
• Augsburg Confession (1530) codified Lutheran
beliefs:
– 3 ordinances: baptism, communion, confession
– consubstantiation
• Emperor Charles V ( 1519-56)
couldn’t devote full resources to
Schlmalkaldic Wars (15461555)
– Fighting French in Habsburg –
Valois Wars (1521 – 1544)
– Pope Clement VII (1523 –
1534) sided with Francis I
– Fighting Ottoman Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent
(1520 – 1566)
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
allowed each ruler to choose
either Lutheran or Catholic
church (cuius regio, eius
religio)
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The Empire of Charles V
John Calvin (1509-1564)
• French humanist lawyer – became Protestant
in 1533
• Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1536 Latin, 1541 French)
– Agreed with Luther on most things
– Saw communion as symbolic
– Emphasized God’s sovereignty through
predestination
• Ecclesiastical Ordinances (1541) est.
presbyterian church government:
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Minister
Teacher
Elder (presbyter)
Deacon
• Consistory of Geneva enforced moral laws
The Spread of Calvinism
• John Knox (1510-1572) founded Calvinist Church of
Scotland
• Synod of Dort (1618-1619) endorsed “5-Point
Calvinism”:
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Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints
• Puritans tried to make Church of England Calvinist with
the Westminster Confession (1647)
Other Reformers
• Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
founded Swiss Free Church
– Cathedral priest in Great Minster of
Zurich, 1518
– Quarreled with Luther at Marburg
Colloquy (1529)
– Killed in battle, 1531
• Anabaptists embraced pacifism
Ulrich Zwingli
– Melchiorites ruled Munster, 15341535, led by John of Leiden, “King of
New Jerusalem”
– Menno Simons (1496-1561) led
Dutch Anabaptists (Mennonites)
The Church of England
• Henry VIII (1509-1547)
wanted to divorce Catherine of
Aragon & marryAnne Boleyn
– Archbishop Thomas Cramner
annulled marriage
– Act of Supremacy (1534) made
King the head of the Church
• Edward VI (1547-1553)
– Cramner made Church of
England more Protestant
– Wrote Book of Common Prayer
Keeping England Protestant
• Mary I (1553-1558) married
Philip II of Spain
– Returned England to Catholic
fold
– Bloody persecutions angered
people
• Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
restored Protestantism
– Allowed mild persecution of
Puritans & Separatists
– Aided Dutch Protestants’ revolt
against Spanish rule
– Defeated Philip II’s Spanish
Armada (1588)
What the Protestants Agreed On
• Sola Fide – salvation by
faith alone
• Sola Gratia – salvation
is a free gift of God’s
grace
• Sola Scriptura –
scripture is the only
infallible authority for
Christians
The Catholic Reformation
• St. Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)
formed stricter branch of Carmelite
order
• Capuchins returned to simplicity of
St. Francis of Assisi
• St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
in 1540
– Spiritual Exercises called for zealous
service to Church
– focused on education & missions
– St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552) took
gospel to Africa, India, Japan & China
The Ecstasy of St.
Theresa of Avila
Pope Paul III and Ignatius of Loyola
The Council of Trent (1545-63)
• Pope Paul III (1534-1549) appointed reform commission
to study the issues
• Regensburg Colloquy (1541)
– Cardinal Contarini reached agreement with Protestants on
salvation by faith, but not on Communion
– Rejected by hardliners, led by Cardinal Caraffa, who became
Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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Authority of scripture & church tradition
Salvation by faith and works
7 sacraments
Mandatory clerical celibacy
Marketing of indulgences banned
Seminaries established in every diocese