Transcript Introduction to Instruction of Students with Cognitive

Instruction of Students
with Intellectual
Disabilities
Margaret Gessler Werts, Ph.D.
Chapter 1
Spring 2005
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History
 Persons with Mental retardation have
always been in the population
 Mentioned in documents in tombs in
Thebes
 Middle Ages– Persons with Mental
retardation considered angels
 Ancient Egyptians placed value on
children
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History
 Greek and Romans practiced infanticide
 Greece: Children considered property of
the community
 Killed if they had a defect
 Rome: Children considered property of
parents
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History
 Middle Ages


Medical advances .
Hippocrates .
 Renaissance in Reformation .

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“many are those who are ill were not
thought to be mentally sick for as fools are
of many kinds, so also are there many
kinds of crazy people, not of one sort nor in
one way, but in many ways of many sorts.”
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History
 Platter
 Martin Luther

“were merely a mass of flesh… with no
soul.”
Salem witch trials
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History
 17th and 18th centuries .


begging rampant
Institutional death rate at 75 to 80%
 Periere
 Taught deaf mutes
 Developed simple sign language
 Pinel


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Moral treatment .
Worked to free patients of asyllums
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Christmas in Purgatory
1974
Burton Blatt and Fred Kaplan
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History
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"There is a wide range among
the States in the cost per day
spent for the care of the mentally
retarded. Six States spent less
than $2.50 a day per patient,
while only seven States spent
over $5.50 per day. Nationally,
the average is $4.55 per day,
less than one-sixth of the
amounts spent for general
hospital care."
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"Inasmuch as ye
have done it unto
one of the least of
these my brethren,
ye have done it
unto me."
Matthew XXV, 40
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"Perfected and modified
according to circumstances,
chains gave way (during the
early nineteenth century) to a
long series of other ingenuous
contrivances, all designed to limit
the patient's freedom of
movement. According to Oegg,
restraining devices were
generally thought to be as
necessary for the preservation of
life as eating, drinking, etc."
Emil Kraepelin
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Thank heaven! The crisis -The danger is passed,
And the lingering illness
Is over at last -And the fever called 'Living'
Is conquered at last."
Edgar Allen Poe
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"Cast upon this globe without physical
strength or innate ideas, incapable in
himself of obeying the fundamental laws of
this nature which call him to the supreme
place in the universe, it is only in the heart
of society that man can attain the preeminent position which is his natural
destiny. With-out the aid of civilization he
would be one of the feeblest and least
intelligent of animals. . ."
Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard
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We are wrestling with our
own retardation to cope,
ultimately, with the
retardation of others.
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"There are only two things wrong
with most special education for the
mentally handicapped; it isn't
special, and it isn't education."
Alice Metzner
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 "Youngsters are often not taught to feed
themselves; it is easier to drape a sheet around
their shoulders and arms and spoonfeed them.
They are often not given furniture or toys or
help; they might get hurt. The meticulous
attention paid to their corporal protection is in
sharp contrast to the frequent failure to
recognize those important aspects of personal
dignity or feeling."
Lewis B. Klebanoff
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 "It is clear that there should be legislation
about education and that it should be
conducted on the public system. But
consideration must be given to the
question. What constitutes education
and what is the proper way to be
educated?"
Aristotle
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 "A teacher who makes little or no
allowance for individual differences in
the classroom is an individual who
makes little or no difference in the lives
of his students."
William Arthur Ward
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Human Rights: Myth Or
Reality
Rosemary F. Dybwad (1976)
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 Next it must be stressed that there is a
marked difference between human rights
and legal rights. Legal rights are either
derived from specific statutes or from
basic pronouncements of the judiciary,
the courts. Human rights cover much
broader ground. They grow out of the
human existence itself, may be
formulated by philosophers or
pronounced by some body such as the
United Nations.
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 Most legal rights relating to persons
involve human rights, but you only need
to recall the terror regimes of Hitler in
Germany to remember legal rights which
were devoid of any humanity.
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 Use What You Have
 : 1862 American Tract Society

 This way and that way he went, until I
was close at his side. "Have you lost any
thing, my little fellow?" I asked. I
expected to have a bright young face
turned up to mine as he replied; but
when the child raised his head, I was
inclined to move away in disgust…
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 There was a silly, helpless look about the
poor creature, that told at once why he
was wandering hither and thither without
any object. He had no mind to direct his
steps. He was an idiot. His body was
well; he could eat and sleep and enjoy
himself like a mere animal, but he had
no mind to make bright his eye, and give
to his face a pleasing expression.
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“We Kept Our Retarded Child
at Home.”
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MR 67: A First
Report To The
President On The
Nation's Progress
And Remaining
Great Needs In The
Campaign To
Combat Mental
Retardation
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