Transcript Eco-Industrial Development: The Industrial Ecology Approach

Eco-Industrial Development
State of the Environment
• Increasing environmental
stress caused by pollution
• Depleting of natural
resources
• Threats to human health
World Population increased from
2.6 billion in 1950 to 5.8 billion in 1995
GLOBAL = Population x Resource x Efficiency of
Production
(2.6B)
Use
IMPACT
Traditionally, efficient production means maximum
output at the least cost, and often at the expense of
a degraded environment.
… more consumption requires
increased agricultural production
… faster rate of extraction and use of
resources…
… need for more space that involves sacrificing of
natural ecosystems …
… to build our homes and service infrastructures, to
provide a place for business or trade.
…and to put
our garbage in.
greater
demand for
transportation
and electricity
that means
greater fuel
consumption
… and increased pollution of water and air that
can have far-reaching effects on human health.
Rapid industrialization
adverse environmental
impacts (pollution,
resource depletion, etc.)
defeats
Sustainable Development
meeting the needs of the
present generation without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs.
Potential environmental impacts
Contaminated soil and
lost future land use
Spills
Local nuisances such
as noise, lighting and
transport
Exposure to
toxic chemicals
Landscape
disturbance
Risks from
hazardous waste
Habitat
degradation
Air pollution
Ozone-depleting and
greenhouse gases
Disposal of
solid wastes
Freshwater
pollution
Marine
pollution
Product Life Cycle System
Closed-Loop
Recycling
Remanufacturing
Recycling
Manufacture &
Assembly
Engineered &
Specialty
Materials
Use & Service
Reuse
Retirement
Bulk
Processing
Treatment
Disposal
Raw Material
Acquisition
Earth & Biosphere
Open Loop Recycling
Material downcycling
Into another product
system
Transfer of materials
Between stages
Untreated residuals
The Human Consumption Pattern
•Mass Production & Customization
•Mass Consumption & Mass Disposal
The concept of Industrial Ecology
«The traditional model of industrial
activity should be transformed in a more
integrated model: an industrial
ecosystem.»
(…)
R. Frosch & N. Gallopoulos, General Motors Laboratories, 1989
Industrial Ecology as a metaphor
«The industrial ecosystem would function
similar to a biological ecosystem»
R. Frosch & N. Gallopoulos, General Motors Laboratories, 1989
First idea: «industrial food chains»
«In such a system the consumption of
energy and materials is optimized and the
effluents of one process serve as the raw
material for another process.»
R. Frosch & N. Gallopoulos, 1989
Industrial Ecology’s Approach:
Upstream Production
CLOSE THE LOOP
RE-USE
RECYCLE
Downstream Production
Kalundborg, Denmark
Sulphuric
maker
acid
hot
sulfur
Statoil
Refinery
surplus
gases
.
One of Denmark‘s largest refineries with a
capacity of 3-4 million tons / year
sulphur
gases
process
steam
Cement
maker
Greenhouses
water
cooling
water
gypsum
Fly ash
hot
water
condensate
Asnaes
Power
Gyproc
Station
Commissioned in 1959, the coal-fired
plant has a capacity of 1,500 MW
process
warm
water
Manufactures gypsum-based
wall board
steam
ASNEAS
City
of Kalundborg
Provides district heating
services to 500 Kalundbotrg
homes
sludge
Novo
fish
fertilizer
fertilizer
Nordisk
Produces a significant amount
of the world`s insulin supply
and certain industrial enzymes
Local
farmers
Hundreds of farms producing a variety of crops are
located within the area
farm.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DISCARDS
Finance
Service & commercial sectors
Communications
Manufacturing
Collector
Eco-industrial park
Processor 1
Utilities
Collector
Households
Resource
recovery
facility
Manuf. 1
Manuf. 2
Services
Collector
Collector
Farms
Collector
Construction &
demolition
Education & research
Government Operations
Government facilitation and regulation
© 1997 Indigo Development
WASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY
Source Reduction
recycling
Most Desirable
Waste treatment
disposal
Least Desirable
Industrial Ecology
Approach to managing human activity on
a sustainable basis by:
• essential integration of human systems
into natural systems;
• Minimizing energy and materials usage;
• Minimizing the ecological impact of
human activity to levels natural systems
can sustain.
What can be shared?
• Energy
• Water
• Waste/recovery/recycling/substitution
• Information
• Regulatory functions
• Transportation systems
• Marketing
• Other covenants
Looking beyond …
Regional Metabolism
Resource 1
Resource 2
Resource 3
Resource n...
Wastes
Industry
Process
Recycling
Reuse
Product
1
Product
2
Product
n...
Source: Erkman & Ramaswamy
Industrial Metabolism: conceptual framework
Biosphere
Minerals,
ores, energy
carriers
Water
Input Air
Harvested
biomass,
hunting,
fishing
Waste deposits
Waste Water
Industrial
System
Emissions to
air
Output
Fertilizer,
pesticides,
dissipative
losses
Translocations
Source: Wuppertal Institut
WASTE =
RESOURCE
Why participatory ? It’s complicated enough!
Participation
creates
Ownership
creates
Commitment
creates Apropriate Solutions
PALAWAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY
Some Issues and Opportunities
PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Production
Marketing
Finance
Other concerns
Distribution Channels of Seaweed
Farmer
Small Traders/
Viajeros
Barangay
Traders
Big Traders/
Buying Stations
Export
Traders
Processors
PRODUCTION STATISTICS
• developed area for
production
– 7,748 ha - Class A
– 322 ha - Class B
• total potential area
– 9,333 ha - Class A
– 1,883 ha - Class B
– 1,150 ha - Class C
BIOLOGY OF SEAWEED
•
•
•
Seaweed is a mass of
marine algae
simple structured
organisms with no true
leaves, stems, roots and
wood vessels
reproduces through
spore production
PRODUCTION AREA
• Palawan
as
main
Philippine producer
• 8,070 ha developed for
production
• 12,366 ha potential
area
• Production’s
annual
increase of 16%.
grnweed.jpg / 216 x 254 pixels - 16.7kB
carrageenan.cebu.ph/seaweed.html
PRODUCTION
• 1998 production
– Province - 141,301 MT
– Total Philippines - 643,043 MT
• Major markets are Manila and
Cebu
Annual production of dried seaweed in Palawan in
Palawan by municipality
MUNICIPALITY
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (TONS)
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
7,200
8,385
9,766
11,374
13,247
Araceli
180
210
246
286
334
Balabac
600
699
814
948
1,104
60
71
83
97
114
4,800
5,591
6,512
7,584
8,834
30
35
41
48
57
840
978
1,140
1,329
1,548
Linapacan
18
21
24
28
33
Quezon
60
71
83
97
114
Roxas
480
559
651
759
884
Taytay
360
420
489
570
665
Agutaya
Busuanga
Cagayancillo
Culion
Cuyo
TOTAL
14,628 17,040 19,849 23,120 26,934
PALAWAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY
• Two largest producing
municipalities:
– Agutaya share - 49.2%
– Cagayancillo share -32.8%
PALAWAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY
– Classification of
municipalities based
on number of months
of production
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
PRODUCTION STATISTICS
• developed area for
production
– 7,748 ha - Class A
– 322 ha - Class B
• total potential area
– 9,333 ha - Class A
– 1,883 ha - Class B
– 1,150 ha - Class C
Systems make it
possible,
People make it
happen.