Transcript CIVITAS ELAN

Travel Demand Management:
International Experience
CIVITAS Open Academy
Ljubljana
15 April 2010
Eric N. Schreffler
Transport Consultant
San Diego, California, USA
Prof Tom Rye,
Edinburgh Napier
University
Edinburgh, UK
Overview
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TDM in the U.S.
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TDM in Latin America
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TDM in Japan
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TDM in Italy
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TDM in the Netherlands
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TDM in Sweden
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Final thoughts
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Conversions used in this presentation
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1 pound (lb) = 0.45kg
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1 US gallon = 3.6 litres
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1 mile = 1.6km
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VMT – vehicle mile travelled
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Employer Participation in Reducing Car Travel
TDM IN THE U.S.
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History of TDM in U.S.
TDM has evolved in response to crises:
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World War II
Individual Employer Efforts
The Arab Oil Embargo
Suburban Traffic Problems
Air Pollution
Traffic Congestion
Gas Prices
Global Climate Change
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Seattle TDM Initiatives
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Commute Trip Reduction Law
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Extensive vanpool program
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Universal public transport pass
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Bicycle network
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Carsharing - Zipcar
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Corporate bus systems - Microsoft
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Ridesharing incentives – R-TRIP
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Telecommuting assistance
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Community-based TDM -
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Commute Trip Reduction Law
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Washington State law enacted in 1991
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Partnership of state, cities and employers
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Goal to reduce congestion, pollution and
energy consumption
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Targets set to reduce VMT
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Requirements on worksites with 100+
workers
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Applies to 1,100 worksites in Washington
State
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Companies survey employees annually
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CTR Impacts
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Commuters making 26,000 fewer car trips
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Drive alone rate at CTR worksites down 70.9% in 1993 to 65.% in 2007
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Washington State saw drive alone rate go
down, only one of two among 50 states
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CTR commuters reduced 4000 tons of air
pollution
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Reduced petrol consumption by about 7.9M
gallons, saving over $23 million in fuel costs
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CTR Impacts on Traffic
Linking TDM and System Performance
Without TDM
I-5 in Seattle
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With TDM
I-5 in Seattle
City of Redmond R-TRIP
Redmond Trip Resource and
Incentive Program
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Operated by City of Redmond for commuters
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Aim to reduce traffic congestion and improve AQ
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Offered to any Redmond resident or commuter
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Encourage bus use, ridesharing, bike, and walk
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Incentive is one-time $50, then chance at
drawings
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One month free bus pass for new users
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Extra incentives for vanpoolers
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R-TRIP Incentive Calendar
Each day equals a chance to be entered in a
prize draw. Logged on gortrip.com
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Cumulative Impacts
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CO2 REDUCED:
• 34,950,280 lbs
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FUEL SAVED:
• 1,593,428 gallons
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TRAVEL SAVED:
• 37,126,880 miles
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VEHICLE TRIPS SAVED:
• 1,244,159 trips
(since May 2008)
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Carsharing
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Widespread in Europe (Germany, Switzerland)
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Some members get rid of 2nd car
60,000 members and 900 vehicles in U.S.
(2004)
Daily Impacts: (San Francisco Evaluation)
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Average reduction of 7 parking spaces
demanded per carshare vehicle
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Average net reduction of 5 VMT per
carshare member per day
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0.75 lb of CO2 emissions reduced per
carshare member per day
DOING MORE WITH LESS
TDM IN LATIN AMERICA
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TDM Initiatives in Latin America
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Vision plan in Guatemala City
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Bus Rapid Transit
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Ciclovia – closing streets for active transport
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Car Free Days – Bogotá
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No Drive Days – Mexico City
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Guatemala City
Part of Mayor’s 2020 Plan:
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“A City for Living” with three goals:
1. Social solidarity
2. Environmental responsibility
3. Economic competitiveness
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Transmetro and Pasos y Pedales
part of Mayor Alvaro Arzu’s plan
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Transmetro – Guatemala City
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BRT - dedicated busway on arterial median
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Transmetro – Guatemala City
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Benefits
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Reduces travel time by 20%
Few buses needed overall
Safer
Fares did not substantially increase
Runner up to London and Paris for
2008 Sustainable Transport Award
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Active Transport: Pasos y Pedales
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Part of Plan in Guatemala City
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Part of international Ciclovia movement
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Close five streets to traffic
every Sunday
from 10:00 to 14:00
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PERSONALIZED TRAVEL PLANNING
TDM IN JAPAN
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TDM Initiatives in Japan
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TDM is rather new in Japan
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Not well known by policy-makers
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Innovations in Park-and-Ride
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Bicycling parking technology
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Educating students and licensed drivers on
mobility management
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Compressed work weeks and staggered
hours
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Personalized travel planning
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Travel Feedback Programs
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One-on-one advice on sustainable travel
behavior via survey, follow-up and tailored
information and incentives
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Also called:
• Individualized marketing (Germany/US)
• Travel blending/travel smart (Australia)
• Personalized travel planning (UK)
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Japanese Travel Feedback Programs (TFPs) for:
• Residents (at home)
• Students (at school)
• Employees (at work place)
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Travel Feedback Program Impacts
• Residential TFPs resulted in:
– 7.3% - 19.1% reduction in car use
– increased public transport use 30% - 69%
• Work place TFPs resulted in:
– 12% reduction in car use
– 50% increase in public transport use
– 19% decrease in CO2 emissions
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URBAN MOBILITY POLICY
TDM IN ITALY
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Integrating TDM into Urban Plan
ROME MOBILITY POLICY
Concentric Rings:
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Historic core: ZTL access control
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Rail ring: no non-catalyzed cars; parking
pricing
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Green ring: parking management
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Ring road: higher polluters pay fee
Source: ATAC
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Outside ring: suburban park-and-ride
TRAVEL PLANS AND
PERSONALISED TRAVEL PLANNING
TDM IN THE UK
Workplace travel plans (MM) in UK
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Estimated that by 2007 in UK, travel plans
in place for:
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40% local authorities
50% colleges/universities
20% hospitals
10% businesses with more than 100 staff
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Travel plans required in all major new
developments
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Impacts e.g. Wellcome Trust, 800 staff
research institution near Cambridge – cut
car use to 47% of trips
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Median cost – around €60/employee
Personalised travel plans in UK
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Study of 16 schemes covering 80,000
households found average reduction in car
driver trips of 11% and of car km of 12%
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Cost around 40€/household
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES
TDM IN THE NETHERLANDS
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Financial Incentives
Amsterdam Ring Road
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Reconstruction of beltway around Amsterdam
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Comprehensive TDM program, including
– Free transit pass “mobility card” for 30,000 area
employees
– Outreach campaign
– Personal travel advice service
– Camera images at major interchanges on website
– Shuttle to rail station
– Reduced parking cost at rail park-and-ride lots
– Free use of bikes from rail station
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Increased transit share from 23% to 42%
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Decreased car share from 61% to 42%
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Rail share up even after reconstructed roads opened
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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – TDM AS PHILOSOPHY
TDM IN SWEDEN
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Swedish TDM Initiatives
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National policy – 4-stage principle
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Broad implementation of TDM and MM
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Comprehensive and comparable evaluation
of TDM measures (SUMO)
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Sustainable Urban Transport Planning –
example: Lundamats
• Bicycle focus
• Travel plans
• BRT
• Mobility Center
• Land Use
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Four-stage Principle
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Adopted by Swedish Road Administration in
2002
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Requires consideration of TDM first
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Specific problems and road segments need
to undergo step-wise evaluation to consider:
• Step 1-Measures that affect the demand for
transport and the choice of mode
• Step 2-Measures that affect the more efficient use
of the existing road network
• Step 3-Measures that make improvements to
existing roads
• Step 4-Measures that make new investments in
road capacity or major rebuilding
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LUND, Sweden
Sustainable Urban Transport Plan
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University town in SW Sweden
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105,000 in urban area
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25,000 commute into Lund
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35,000 change at rail station
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1969: decided against new arterial
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1971: closed center to traffic
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Priority given to bike and walk
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Source: Trivector Traffic AB and City of Lund
LUND, Sweden
Sustainable Urban Transport Plan
(LundaMaTs)
Lund Environmentally-friendly Transport
1.Introduction
of sustainable planning
2.Recognition
of bicycle city
3.Extended
public transportation integrated with
land use
4.Environmentally-friendly
5.Employer
trip reduction
Adopted in 1997
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car traffic
Source: Trivector Traffic AB
LUND, Sweden
Implementation of LUNDAMATS
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Governmental co-funding of 4 projects
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Bicycle city
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Walk and bike to school
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The Lund Link – BRT system
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Mobility Centre
More than $42 million over 6 years
(35% from governmental funds)
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Goal to maintain 1995 traffic levels in 2005
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Phase I 1998-2004; Phase II initiated
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Source: Trivector Traffic AB
LUND, Sweden
Impact of LUNDAMATS:
Comparing 1995 and 2005 per capita travel
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LUND, Sweden
LUNDAMATS: The Keys to Success
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Educate residents about sustainable
travel
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Involve politicians early in the
process
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Carefully and thoroughly evaluate
both process and impacts
Sources: Peter Jönsson and City of Lund
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Final Thoughts
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TDM can be useful mitigation strategy at
worksite, school or new development
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TDM is comprised of many measures,
BUT…
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TDM is most effective when
implemented as integrated packages
(as with CIVITAS)
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TDM should be integrated into system
operations
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TDM is a philosophy aimed at realizing a
sustainable transport future
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THANKS!
Eric Schreffler
Tom Rye
[email protected]
[email protected]
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