Theory and Practice of Counseling and
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Transcript Theory and Practice of Counseling and
Reality Therapy (William Glasser)
Basic Beliefs
Key person: William Glasser
Key theory: Choice theory and control theory
Focus on responsibility for choice
Focus on the unsatisfied needs, which are
often the cause of problems
The only person you can control is yourself
Behavior = an attempt to get what we want
Focus symptoms = avoid facing unsatisfied
needs
Five basic psychological needs
Need for Survival
Need for Belonging
To be better than others
Need for Freedom
Need for love or relationship
Need for Power
Taking care of oneself by eating, drinking…
How we wish to live our lives, express ourselves…
Need for Fun
Laughing, joking, sports, reading…
View of Human Nature--people
Try to meet basic psychological needs
Try to get what they want
Identify the frustrated need and try to satisfy it.
Choose to be miserable instead of becoming
miserable
Store experiences related to how to fulfill their
basic psychological needs in their brain
Four reasons for choosing depression
(based on choice theory)
Keep their anger under control
Get others to help them
Depression is a way to get help
Excuse the unwillingness to do something more
effective
Being anger can lead to violence, but depression does not
To avoid searching for a job
Gain powerful control over others
Others must do something for them
Therapeutic Goals
Help clients meet their psychological needs
Assess how well these needs are being met
and what changes should take place
Take an education approach to help clients
meet their needs
The more severe the symptom, the more
clients are unable to fulfill their needs
Clients determine what they want
Therapist’s function and Role
Create a good relationship with their clients
Challenge clients to evaluate themselves
Instill a sense of hope
Therapeutic relationship is a mentoring
relationship with therapist as a teacher and
client as a student.
Therapist Attitudes
Do not accept excuses
No punishment or criticism
But, make a new plan
But, examine the consequences for not completing the
goals; reevaluate the plans and make new ones.
Do not give up
Change is not an easy process
The process of reality therapy
Establish a supportive relationship
Explore clients’ needs, wants, and perceptions
Evaluate how effective they are in getting what
they want
Make a plan to do better
Make a commitment to plans
Reality Therapy Strategies
Questioning
Ask what they want and what their plans are.
Being positive
What the client can do and reinforce positive actions
Confrontation
Not accept excuses, but continue to make effective
plans
Paradoxical techniques
Reframing: helps a person change the way they think
Paradoxical prescriptions: choose to depress at certain
times only
WDEP
W Wants - What do you want to be and do?
D Doing and Direction - What are you doing?
E Evaluation - Does your present behavior
have a reasonable chance of getting you what
you want?
P
Planning – identify ways to fulfill their wants
and needs.
SAMIC
S
A
Simple - Easy to understand, specific and concrete
Attainable - Within the capacities and motivation of the
client
M Measurable -Are the changes observable and helpful?
I Immediate and Involved - What can be done today?
What can you do?
C Controlled - Can you do this by yourself or will you be
dependent on others?
Research on Reality Therapy
Some research published in the International
Journal of Reality Therapy.
In general, research on reality therapy is limited
A number of studies have been done
internationally.
In Taiwan, group reality therapy as well as lessons on
choice theory have positive effect on experimental
group members’ locus of control and self-concept
compared to the control group.
From a multicultural perspective
Contributions
Focusing on acting and thinking reduce resistance to
counseling
Allowing for a wide range of acceptable behaviors to
satisfy needs
Limitations
Ignoring environmental factors
Not appropriate for some cultural values
it is not considered a value to ask for what they need (i.e.,
thinking of what is good for the social group as a whole)
Summary and Evaluation
--contributions
Insight and awareness are not enough
Action and commitment to following through are
the core of the therapeutic process
Accepting personal responsibility
Gaining more effective control
Focusing on what they can do in the present to
change their behavior
Summary and Evaluation
--limitations
Not give enough emphasis to
Feelings
Unconscious
Dream
Transference
the effect of early childhood experiences,
the power of the past to influence one’s
present personality.