Transcript Slide 1
Vocational Rehabilitation
for Persons with Multiple Disabilities
Concept Paper on Vocational Rehabilitation at State
level workshop on
“Needs & Deeds of adults with multiple disabilities”
15th September 2011
Presented by
R. Narasimham
Chairman, Expert Committee for
Developing Courses in
Vocational Rehab & Allied subjects
(Rehabilitation Council of India)
Types of Multiple Disabilities
Difficult to categorize as all sorts of permutations and
combinations of physical and intellectual disabilities are
seen with varying possibilities and different residual
abilities.
Learning and teaching methodologies change
accordingly.
Capacity to acquire academic and daily living skills also
differ
Vocational skills therefore have to be designed to suit
residual abilities.
No authentic information is available on the incidence
of Multiple Disabilities
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I.L.O. Vocational Rehabilitation (Disabled)
Recommendations ( 1955 & 1983)
the term vocational rehabilitation means that
part of the continuous and coordinated process
of rehabilitation which involves the provision of
vocational services, such as
vocational guidance,
vocational training and
selective placement,
designed to enable a disabled person to secure
and retain suitable employment
(UNCRPD implies Progress also)
Vocational Rehabilitation is the most tangible of all rehab
measures that result in psychological and social well being
and an inclusive atmosphere.
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Concept of Vocational Rehabilitation
The
Concept
of
Vocational training &
rehabilitation itself has
come in just about 40 –
45 years ago in India.
Even
among
the
Developed Nations the
concept dates back to
the end of Second
World War (1945)
Focus has always been
on medical or surgical
intervention
and
education
While
teaching
and
learning are disability
oriented, do not forget
that the jobs are not
created for the disabled,
nor are they designed to
suit the disabled.
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Paradigm Shift from disability to job
•
•
•
•
While it is true that medical, therapeutic and learning is influenced by the
impairment, jobs are not so.
Any Voc Rehab worker has to understand the needs of the employer and the
job requirements.
Jobs have to be modified or job operations have to be identified to suit the
abilities of the person & not the other way.
Job analysis is fundamental to vocational rehab.
Doctors & Rehab team –
Shift from Medical Model
Disabled Person –
Shift to Social Model
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What is Job analysis?
Job analysis is a systematic approach to
defining the job role, description,
requirements, responsibilities, evaluation,
etc.
It helps in finding out required level of
education, skills, knowledge, training, etc for
the job position.
It also depicts the job worth i.e.
measurable effectiveness of the job and
contribution of job to the organization.
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Job Analysis – How?
How
do
you
stitch a button ?
Mark, Hold a needle,
Thread the needle,
Hold the button,
insert needle with
thread into cloth &
button,
pull
out,
repeat
for a few
times, tie the end,
cut the thread.
How do you fix a
Switch Board ?
Mark, Cut, place the
Switches and screw
them. In the process,
use the saw to cut,
hold the switches in
place,
put
the
screws, hold the
Screw Driver and
turn it clockwise till it
is firm
Now that is job analysis.
We talked of tasks, jobs of Assistant to
tailor & Assistant to Domestic Wireman
& occupation of Tailor & Wireman
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Task Analysis
We discussed in detail about the Job analysis. We saw
different tasks performed to complete a job.
What are different parameters required for
performing each of the tasks efficiently?
You need to have different qualities for Threading the needle
and fixing the Board
Each task calls for certain physical requirements,
education, training, intelligence, psychomotor
coordination, decision making (Intelligence &
experience) and so on…….
Analyzing & identifying the required parameters is task
analysis.
Task analysis is the natural concomitant to job
analysis.
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Job Analysis
Job analysis is needed to decide on the exact work
tasks on which a disabled could be optimally
employed.
Job Analysis is one of the basic techniques for job
identification or job development or client-oriented
job.
A
job may be defined as a collection of tasks
performed by a worker in a single establishment.
A task is defined as one activity that requires
exertion of human effort - mental or physical - for
a specific purpose.
An occupation (as we find in the National
Classification of Occupations – More than 2500
Occupations) is defined as a group of similar jobs
found in various establishments.
It may be pointed out that even though the
jobs may be similar there are different
variables, which affect placement effort.
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Job Variables - 4 Ms & 4 Ss
Methods - Sewing
by Hand, Machine
etc…
Specialization - One
man Shop Vs Plant
Surroundings -
Carpenter Inside Vs
Materials - Sewing
Outside
m/c operator Silk Vs
Special Assignments Canvas
Personal Assistant ,
Machines - Printing
Combination of jobs
m/c Platen Vs Large
Selected tasks automated m/c
Measurementvaried Speed
accuracy Precision
Clerk-cum-Typist
Combination of work
tasks
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Vocational Evaluation
Functional ability despite impairment
Capacity to withstand physical, mental
and emotional strain associated with the
occupation
Identify areas where the possibilities to
enhance vocational potential
Identify the vocational needs of the pwmd
Assess skills
Assess potential for retraining for reemployment
Assess work environmental modification
to suit the individual
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RANGE OF EVALUATION
Every job has certain attributes and can be performed
efficiently only when the person has abilities. This is
assessed
primarily
through
subjective-objective
assessment techniques and procedures.
S
K
A
P
A
T
I
---------------
SKILL
KNOWLEDGE
ABILITY (to work)
PHYSICAL CAPACITY
APTITUDE
TRAITS(Personality)
INTERESTS
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Job Selection
Job
Individual
Skilled Semi-Skilled Un-Skilled
Disabled person
Physical Requirements
Physical potential
Intelligence
Intelligence
Aptitude
Aptitude
Interpersonal relations
Personality Traits
Education
Education
Training
Training
Experience
Experience
Status
Socioeconomic Status
Future Prospects
Aspirations
Stress
Work tolerance
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Issues in Vocational Training
Major issue - educational attainment both for
vocational training & economic rehabilitation
For example : Only 484 Schools for the Deaf
all over India.
We do not have any facility for the pwmd
other than NIEPMD
Difference
of
opinion
in
teaching
methodologies for different disabilities and
inadequate training of regular teachers to
deal with disabilities under SSA
Communication – verbal, written and
mobility to reach Institutions
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Vocational Counseling &
Adjustment Training
Counseling on Employment Market
Parent Counseling
Behaviour modification
Adjustment Training in operations to make the
disabled employable for short periods
Entrepreneurship Development Program
Pre Recruitment Training
Worker Education
Custom made skill development as required by
the employer or the pwmd
Retraining of persons with recently acquired
disabilities
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Preparing for VR
Job Training: Identify the job profile. Assess the capacity
and match the job to the individual. Train them to suit
the job.
Training in Institute: Break down the job
operations into simple work tasks, repeat the
skill training constantly so that the person is
able to recall the skill.
On-the-job training: To provide job orientation, names,
locations, hours and wages, supervisor, other employees,
work uniform etc.
Group Rehabilitation programs
Development of basic skills for specific employer
requirements
Setting up supported employment services such as
Cooperatives, Home bound employment and job specific
sheltered employment involving the parents/guardians
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Open employment
Means an employment status where the person is
not employed in protective atmosphere but is
competing with others in securing and retaining a
job on a full time basis.
Right to opportunity for competent employment of
the pwd
Organized Sector/ Formal sector Only 7% of the
Work Force covering Govt., PSU, Local
Administration and registered under the Factories
Act etc…..
Unorganized Sector/ Informal Sector
93% all
others. Most of our placement is in the
unorganized sector
As per National Commission on Unorganized
Sector 79% of the 395 million get less than Rs 20
per day as wages.
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Supported Employment
The supported employment may at times
be a final solution to the placement of
the particular person
Mainly to be a source of inculcating work
behaviour, work environment & function
towards attaining production targets.
Function as a nursery to target regular
employment
Creating
community
awareness
of
abilities of the disabled & community
participation
Advocacy
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Self Help Groups
Identification of the persons with disabilities in the
geographical area
Meeting of the Persons with disabilities along with
their parents/families.
Assist in choosing a leader or a representative
from among the pwd,
His/her job would be to contact Employers, collect
raw-materials, give back the finished products to
the employers, collection and distribution of
payment etc.
Leader/representative may be rotated once in two
years or three years as their group feels.
Liabilities /Assets/ profits equally distributed
among members
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Cooperative
Cooperative
is a formal Self Help
Group with an elected leader
Accounts etc are to be maintained as
per Rules
Annual
inspection
by
the
Coop
Authorities
Allocate certain percentage of money
for administration
Job orders to be varied and equitable
distribution among members
Major part of remuneration to be paid
to the members
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Remedial programs
Focus on diminishing or solving to a great
extent the issues faced by the PWMD
Evaluation & continuous evaluation basic to all
remedial programs
Programs should be individualized
Depends on degree of disability/retardation
Duration of inactivity, specific difficulties noticed
first, speed of change, attitude of client,
parents, fear of activity
Should be within the clients capability but offer a
challenge
Activities to be graded to increase the clients
capability
Effort required and/ or the time spent on type of
activity must increase.
Check lists and records should be maintained for
future guidance
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Work Behaviour
Examples of Compensatory Strategies for Behavior
Vocational Impact
Compensations/accommodations/
modifications/strategies
Has difficulty following through Completing job applications Identify learning/working styles
on instructions from others
Job
promotions Provide instructions in preferred
Loss
of
job learning style mode
Low self-esteem
(auditory/visual/tactile); Provide
feedback/
supervision
Provide special assistive aids,
accommodations, etc. prescribed
to meet individualized needs
Has
difficulty
sustaining Difficulty following multi-step Break tasks into short segments
attention in tasks or play Instructions; Increases risk for Gradually extend activities into
activities
accidents for certain jobs; longer units; Schedule breaks
tasks;
Arrange
Increases risks for mistakes between
environment
to
block
on-the-job
visual/auditory
distractions;
Use earphones to block sound
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Work Behaviour
Vocational Impact
Has
difficulty
independently
Compensations/accommodations/
modifications/strategies
working Problems in jobs such as Develop a structured and clearly
sales where you need to be a defined task; Work close to peer
self-starter;
Problems
in or supervisor; Help the consumer
helping professions; Problems identify and practice his/her
in jobs requiring travel from preferred learning/work style
supervised work setting
Displays disorientation to time Impact job success if pwd is Use
pocket
calendar
frequently late; Problems with Develop written schedule for daily
professions where schedules work or independent living
and appointments are required routines; Use watch alarm or
beeper to cue
Has difficulty
transportation
using
public Frequent
absences
or Have pwd ride the bus with
tardiness increase risk of counselor
or
peer
losing job
Teach specific transportation
skills required
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Work Behaviour
Vocational Impact
Takes longer to do job than Rules out production
others
Rules out assembly
Irritates other co-workers
work faster; Problems
jobs having deadlines
Compensations/accommodations/
modifications/strategies
jobs Allow
extra
lead
time
jobs Gradually decrease practice time
who while maintaining or increasing
with job demands; Use a timer to set
pace and cue
Has difficulty following oral Failure to complete work Develop a list
instructions
assignments, Problems with instructions,
attendance/
punctuality diagrammatic
Aggravates
supervisor Provide
hands
Safety may be a factor
demonstrations
written
Provide
instructions
on
task
Has difficulty following written May fail to complete work Tape
instructions
assignments,
Difficulty Give
oral
completing job applications Provide
hands
Difficulty with jobs requiring demonstration
interpretation
of
written
material
instructions
instructions
on
task
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Job Induction
Prepare the pwmd for
employment:
Education
Skill level
Adjustment Training
Prepare for interview
Introduce employer
Work Personality
Job Selection
Prepare the
Employer
Job Analysis
Job Development
Job Identification
Job Engineering
Job Tryout
Follow up
Adjustment
Case closure
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Skills of pwd
Madhuri has challenged the
world around her with her
strength, passion for painting
and her head-pointer.
Having no control over her body
except the head-pointer, which
she uses strapped on her
forehead ?
Madhuri paints boldly and
daringly. She has been awarded
the
Outstanding
Calcuttan
Award for her achievements
which include a degree from the
Spastics Society of Eastern
India in Commerce and a
diploma
in
Computer
Application.
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More skills
Narasimhalu
is
severely
Orthopedically impaired, and is
also afflicted with un suppressible enthusiasm.
He is an accomplished painter
with a unique sense of colour.
He won the second prize in
painting for his water colour on
paper in the South Zone Region.
He has also done a computer
course in Basic Computer
Applications and HTML.
He uses his foot and toes to
operate the mouse and key
board
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Seeing is believing!!!!
Severely disabled
person assembling
Electronic
components on a
Printed Circuit
Board
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Severe disabilities
Remember – Key to reducing inequality is not charity or
philanthropy but innovation and empowerment
Telework situation where fact – to – face contacts are minimal
would suit some of those with severe disabilities.
By eliminating obstacles to communication the disability may
give rise to broader employment avenues and assimilation of
the pwmd.
The persons with severe disabilities could be helped to
network with others in the community, country and the world
for companionship and wage earning.
Remember the National Commission on Unorganized Sector,
which constitutes the major chunk of work force – 79% of the
395 millions get less than Twenty Rupees per day. If we can
help the pwmd get at least this amount, we are doing some
service
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Community Based Vocational Training (CBVT)
The Author had the opportunity to introduce
Community Based Vocational Training in rural areas
suited to the local employment markets as early as
1988.
Hundreds of such training programs were carried out,
in all sorts of occupations – electrical, mechanical,
agricultural,
floriculture,
mushroom
culture,
garments, screen printing and so on for less
educated rural pwd.
We can design programs to suit a small group of
persons with similar and multiple disabilities.
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Suitable Occupations?
All jobs are suitable and no job is
suitable
A few components of each job
can be performed
Analyze each job
Identify operations
List out simple to complex tasks
Train the candidates
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Rehab Programs - Goals
Remember!!! The rehabilitation program is not
designed to cope with emergencies; its goal is to
assist persons with disabilities to attain the best
possible vocational adjustment, not the most
expedient – nor the most convenient.
Vocational rehabilitation is not a quick – fix
solution, where the persons with disabilities gets
rehabilitated as soon as they arrive.
Jobs are not readily available – jobs are not made for
the disabled, and the persons with disabilities
himself is not fully ready for placement. In a majority
of pwd approaching institutions – almost 95%, do
not possess any vocational or employable skill.
Among the pwmd almost none has any vocational
skill.
The institution takes proactive role in creating
suitable facilities for evaluating the individual and
placement.
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Thank You
R. Narasimham
Consultant
(Vocational Rehabilitation)
# 5, Gokulam Colony
West Mambalam
Chennai - 600033
Phone: 044 – 42614181
Mobile: 9840714181
Email- r n s i m h a m @ g m a i l. c o m
Website: www.aidthedisabled.org
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