URBAN & PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE (UPA) IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA: Waste Recycling, Environmental Contamination, Food Safety, and Human Health Presentation to The African Development Bank Tunis, 2 May 2004 By Alhaji Sheikh Jeng Researcher Norwegian Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, N-1432 Aas, Norway

Introduction



Linkage between UPA and waste management (solid and liquid)



Potentials of waste and UPA in poverty alleviation



Waste reuse, food safety and Health



Socioeconomic benefits of UPA Food security Employment and income generation



Policy Agricultural Urban planning



Research Needs

Introduction

…..



Demographic growth and increase in urbanization –challenges of the next decade!



World’s population living in the cities is on the increase



No. of poor people living in urban areas in developing countries is also on the increase 1988 about 25% 2000 about 56%



90% of urban growth takes place in developing countries!

Introduction…..

Increasing urban populations

• • • •

Increase in urban food demands Increase in waste production Poor waste handling and health implications Widespread Poverty

World Population, 1950 - 2050

10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 World Developed Countries Developing Countries 2,0 0,0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Years

Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org

/

Urban population as percent of total population, 1950 - 2030

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Developed Countries Developing Countries Sub-Saharan Africa 2010 2020 2030 Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org /

Urban Populations in SSA, 1950 - 2030

250 200 150 100 50 WA EA CA SA 0 Y1950

Source: UN Dept. Econ. & Social Affairs, 1999

Y2000 Year Y2030

Percentage of the total population living in urban areas, 1950, 2000 and 2030

Source: UN Dept. Econ. & Social Affairs, 1999

Solid waste production, wastewater and garbage collection (1997 figures) Location Abidjan Ibadan Kinshasa Bujumbura Solid waste per capita (kg yr .-1) 365 Tot. Waste generated (mill. tons yr .-1 ) Households with garbage collection (%) 1.6

70 Wastewater treated (%) 58 401 438 511 1.6

1.9

0.14

40 0 41 3 4 Lomé TORONTO 693 511 0.6

1.3

37 100 100

Source: Habitat, 1997 (Figures in red are author’s own derivations )

% of total garbage uncollected in some African urban centres, 1993 Ethiopia Sudan Uganda Tanzania CAR Kenya Angola Egypt Botswana 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Lack of systematic, formal waste collection / disposal systems, The Bakoteh dumpsite, Gambia

Photo: Alhaji S. Jeng, 2004

Solid and liquid waste as resources in UPA and in income for the urban poor – Urgent need for research

Photo: Alhaji S. Jeng, 2004 Koné Doulaye et al.(2001). Le lagunage à macrophyte et l’irrigation en maraîchage : étude d’une station expérimentale à Ouagadougou. Revue InfoCrepa n°31. 2001

Need for research on the constraints faced by UPA UPA is growing in SSA but faces numerous constraints

    

Health problems associated with waste Precarious access to land, capital (credit) and sufficient “safe” water – policy issues Input unavailability Lack of recognition from policy-makers Produce marketing and storage constraints

Some Constraints

(contd.)

Pollution of air, soil and water Exclusion in the national advisory and extension services

Health problems associated with waste Incineration of waste at a dump located in an urban residential area in Serekunda, Gambia

Photo: Alhaji S. Jeng, 2004

Proportion of the urban population engaged in agriculture  Libreville (Gabon)  Six cities in Tanzania  Lusaka (Zambia)  Maputo (Mozambique)  Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)  Yaounde (Cameroon)  Kampala (Uganda) 80 % 68 % 45 % 37 % 36 % 35 % 36 %

Knowledge gaps exist in….

Waste as resource

Strong traditions of waste reuse in SSA Soil fertility maintenance Quantitative needs of organic waste in UPA Quality and value of waste as fertilizer Possible phytotoxic, environmental and health impacts of waste fertilizers and irrigation wastewater

– (Very little work on metals and

agrochemicals in UPA (both in “waste” resources, and from other sources (industrial activity, traffic pollution)) High potentials for employment and income generation

Therefore a project is proposed to look into the potentials and constraints in UPA and waste management in SSA, in the context of:  Food security  Poverty alleviation  Public health  Sustainable resource management

The project will be executed in East and West Africa

PROJECT DESCRIPTION  Country / geographical location:

Description of natural base, demography, economy and market opportunities

 NARI Partners to be involved:

Norwegian Centre for Soil & Env. Res.; Norwegian Crops Res. Institute

 Local Partners in research:

East Africa: Univ. Nairobi (Kenya); Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural, FOFIFA (Madagascar); Urban Harvest – the CGIAR Systemwide Initiative on UPA.

West Africa: Institute Nationale de Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN); Institut de l'environnement et des recherches agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

(Contd.)

Other partners

Ministries of Agriculture (MOA) and Environment (MOE), National Environment Agencies, Health Authorities, Medical Research Facilities (where they exist), Local NGOs, National agricultural advisory services, Municipal Authorities, UPA farmers and actors in waste management

Goals of the project

Characterize urban waste types and management in one selected city in each of the project countries Build capacity on handling and recycling of organic waste in pilot cities / municipalities of the selected cities Recognise waste as a resource Alleviate / eradicate urban food insecurity through increased production of safe food Raise the living standards of urban poor through employment and income generating waste management and recycling activities Facilitate an enabling policy environment for UPA and waste management poor.

and Create a healthier environment for the urban

Specific Objectives

      To raise awareness among the UPA farmers on:

the dangers relating to the handling of municipal waste; the importance of source separation in waste handling;

To scientifically document the pathways of food contamination in UPA; To develop sustainable methods of reducing metal loads in waste (solid and liquid) to be used in UPA; To train UPA farmers in the adoption of such methods; To promote composting as an income generating activity; Capacity building: To increase capacity for the study and management of rural-urban nutrient cycling;

Expected outputs

Database established on:

Quantity and quality of waste available in each of the pilot cities; Technologies in solid and liquid waste recycling; Applied GIS methodologies in identifying suitable dumping sites for waste

Expected outputs

(contd.)

Health

The hazards associated with re-use of solid and liquid wastes documented; Awareness raised among UPA farmers, health and sanitation authorities on hazards associated with waste and importance of source separation handling, and the potentials of organic waste as fertilizer Methods of reducing contaminant loads in waste to be used in UPA developed; UPA farmers trained in the adoption of such methods.

Expected outputs

(contd.)

 Composting promoted as an employment and income generating activity for the urban unemployed  Research and outreach capacity in rural urban nutrient cycling  Key policy issues relating to UPA addressed and discussed with policy makers

Conclusion

Five Guiding Principles for Policymaking

agriculture In support of organic waste management in urban

1. Linking organic waste management to UPA and land use planning

Location of waste recycling stations

2. Separating solid organic waste at the source

Implementing communication and education strategies Developing municipal programs and campaigns for waste collection and recycling

3. Developing appropriate technologies

Using solid organic waste for compost Using solid organic waste for animal feed Appropriate, low-cost liquid waste treatment

4.

Generating revenues

Counting benefits Co-financing projects Promoting the development of microenterprises

5.

Pooling resources

Municipalities joining resources for:

–

collective decision-making and

– –

awareness campaigns technical cooperation in waste management

Herbert Girardet, Middlesex University, a UN Global 500 Award winner

1.

”In the developing world in particular, urban agriculture can greatly contribute to:

•

urban food security

•

improved nutrition

• •

poverty alleviation and local economic development” .

2. ”Whilst urban farming is being recognised more and more as an important source of food and income generation in cities around the world, adequate institutional frameworks at national, municipal and local levels are still often lacking”.

Herbert Girardet…….

3. ”Urban agriculture tends to focus on products that require closeness to the urban markets such as vegetables, flowers, poultry and eggs”.

4. ”Opposition to urban agriculture has tended to come mainly from public health and urban planning circles because of concern about water pollution and soils contaminated by heavy metals”.

Thank you for your attention !

Alhaji S. Jeng (Ph.D) Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Fredrik A. Dahls veien 20 A 1432 Aas NORWAY

Budgets & Time-frames Total budget: (to be computed), but Can be expected to be around NOK 6 million or € 726 000 $ 872 000 over a 3 - 4 years