Transcript SPRAYER CALIBRATION

SPRAYER
CALIBRATION
Nov. 1998
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OBJECTIVE
• Determine the volume or weight that
application equipment will apply to
a known area under a given set of
conditions.
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VOLUME OF PESTICIDE
SOLUTION APPLIED DEPENDS
UPON:
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NOZZLES
PRESSURE
SPEED
Spacing of Nozzles
Viscosity of liquid
• WHY CALIBRATE??
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1984 Colorado Spray
Check Program
Commercial
Applicators
Private
Applicators
average initial error
17.5%
25.8%
average corrected
error
6.6%
5.5%
under-application
50%
40%
over-application
17%
37%
with 10% range
33%
23%
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TeeJet nozzle examples
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NOZZLE TIP
DESIGNATIONS
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SPRAYING SYSTEMS CO.
HSS8002E
HSS 80 02 E
HSS = HARDENED STAINLESS STEEL
80 = 80 DEGREE SPRAY ANGLE
02 = 0.2 GALLON PER MINUTE AT 40
PSI
• E = EVEN FLAT FAN PATTERN FOR
BAND APPLICATION
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HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT
NOZZLE SIZE
• GPM = GPA x MPH x Nozzle spacing in inches
5940
• GPM = Gallons per minute per nozzle
• GPA = Gallons per acre
• MPH = Miles per hour
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EXAMPLE
• GPA = 30
• MPH = 4
• Nozzle spacing = 20
• GPM = 30 GPA x 4 MPH x 20 in
5940
• GPM = 0.40
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• Find nozzle capacity in GPM in
manufacture's catalog.
• Desired spraying pressure = 40 psi
• Using Spraying Systems catalog an 8004
nozzle would work the best.
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TeeJet Standard Flat
Spray Tips
GPA - 20 inch spacing
Tip N o .
PSI
GPM
4 mp h
6502-SS
30
0.17
12.9
8002-SS
40
0.2
14.9
11002-SS
50
0.23
16.6
6504-SS
30
0.35
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8004-SS
40
0.4
30
11004-SS
50
0.45
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6505-SS
30
0.43
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8005-SS
40
0.5
37
11005-SS
50
0.56
42
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HOW TO CHANGE
SPRAYER OUTPUT
• NOZZLES
– Best for large changes in output
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HOW TO CHANGE
SPRAYER OUTPUT
• Pressure
– Only feasible within a limited pressure range
– Pressure must be increased by a factor of 4
in order to double the flow
– 10 GPA at 20 PSI
– 20 GPA at 80 PSI
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HOW TO CHANGE
SPRAYER OUTPUT
• SPEED
– Only feasible within a limited range of
speeds
– Double ground speed will decrease output by
50%
– 1/2 ground speed will increase output by
50%
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• BOOM HEIGHT
– Rule-of-thumb when using 80 degree tips
– Set the boom above the target by whatever
the distance is between nozzles
• If nozzle spacing is 20" then set boom 20" above
target
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• NOZZLES
– Nozzle types
• Flat fan is best for broadcast application of
herbicides
Flat fan
Even fan
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
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BOOM BUSTER
SPRAY NOZZLES THAT WORK WITHOUT BOOMS
• FEATURES
– All nozzles machined from solid stainless
steel. All have replaceable industrial grade nylon
diffusers. (Tests have shown that this nylon will
outlast stainless steel.)
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Boom Buster (con’t)
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Extra wide spray pattern.
Excellent pattern and distribution.
All models spray chemicals and fertilizers.
All nozzles have standard pipe threads.
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Boom Buster (con’t)
• USES
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Row Crops, Grain and Pastures
State and County Right-of-Ways
Orchards and Vineyards
Forestry and Utility Right-of-Ways
Lawn and Turf
Roads, Hedge Rows and Fence Rows
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• Nozzle placement
– Need to be placed for proper overlap. Flat
fan nozzles should overlap 30%.
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• Nozzle uniformity
– Nozzle types and orifice sizes must be the
same across the boom
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• Nozzle orientation
– Directed straight down toward the ground
and angled 5 to 10 degrees from parallel to
the boom to prevent collision of spray
droplets from adjacent patterns
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• Nozzle materials
– Stainless steel,
brass and plastic
are the most
common.
– Stainless steel is
probably the best
choice
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RELATIVE NOZZLE WEAR
Nozzle material
Relative wear
brass
1
stainless steel
3.5
hardened
stainless steel
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MAXIMIZING SPRAYER
PERFORMANCE
• Screens and filters
– Use appropriate
screens and filters
• 0.2 GPM or more
use 50 mesh
• Less than 0.2 GPM
use 100 mesh
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Spraying Accuracy
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University of Wyoming
Cooperative Extension Service
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CALIBRATION OF
SPRAYERS
• Sprayer calibration consists of three
major steps:
– Ensure a uniform discharge from each
nozzle tip
– Document the sprayer output in GPA
– Determine the amount of pesticide to add to
the spray tank
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CALIBRATION OF
SPRAYERS
• Items needed for calibration
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Measuring tape
Stop watch
Collection tube
Flags or markers
• MEASURE NOZZLE OUTPUT UNDER
FIELD CONDITIONS
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CALIBRATION OF
SPRAYERS
• Ensuring uniform flow from all nozzles
– Determine best operating speed to suit field
conditions.
– Select proper nozzle.
– Make sure nozzles deliver in desired rate
range.
– Remove and clean all nozzle tips and screens.
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CALIBRATION OF
SPRAYERS
– Use clean water and flush sprayer system.
– Replace all screens and tips. Make sure all
nozzles are the same.
– Check flow from each nozzle. Do this daily.
– Adjust pressure.
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Allowing a + or - 5% variation from a new nozzle which of the
following 8002 nozzles should be replaced?
Nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Flow Rate (oz/min at 40 psi)
20 (new nozzle)
20.5
20.1
22
19.6
20
18
20.1
20.4
26.1
5% of 20 is 20 x 0.05 = 1 oz
Need to replace any nozzle that sprays less than 20 - 1 = 19 oz.
Need to replace any nozzle that sprays more than 20 + 1 = 21 oz.
Replace nozzles 4, 7 and 10.
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• STEP 2. DETERMINE SPRAYER
OUTPUT IN GALLONS PER ACRE
• 1. Field acres vs. treated acres (band)
– a) Field acres = Crop acres
– b) Treated acres = amount of land sprayed
– When banding only a portion of the total crop
receives the spray.
– Calibration is based on the actual treated acres.
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• 2. Gallons per acre applied depends on:
– 1) orifice size of nozzle tip
– 2) pressure of liquid at the tip
– 3) speed nozzle tip is moved across the field
– 4) the viscosity of the liquid being sprayed
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THE REFILL METHOD OF
CALIBRATION
• Broadcast Application
– 1. Fill spray tank with water
– 2. Adjust pressure within recommended
range for nozzles used.
– 3. Select easily maintained speed that fits
field conditions.
– 4. Spray a measured area. Need to know
sprayed swath width (ssw) not boom length.
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• ssw = noz spacing (ft) x # of noz
• Example: A boom has 18 nozzles spaced
20 in. apart.
• ssw = (20 / 12) x 18 = 30 ft
• Measure off an area to equal 1/10 of an
acre.
• 30 ft x X ft = 43,560 ft/a / 10
• X = 4356 / 30 = 145.2 ft
• Therefore, measure off an area 30 ft by
145.2 ft and this will = 1/10 acre.
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• 5. Return to filling point.
• 6. Measure amount of water to refill tank.
• 7. Calculate spray rate with this formula:
– gpa = gallons sprayed x 43,560 ft2/a
swath width x swath length (ft)
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Example: A field sprayer with a 30 ft spray swath is
sprayed for a distance of 145.2 ft. 4 gallons of water
are needed to refill the tank. What is the spray rate?
gpa = 4 gal sprayed x 43,560 / 30 x 145.2 = 40 gpa
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• Band Application
– 1. Fill spray tank with water
– 2. Adjust pressure
– 3. Select speed
– 4. Measure band width (ft) and multiply by
number of bands treated at one time
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– 5. Spray a measured distance in field
– 6. Return to filling point
– 7. Measure amount of water to refill tank
– 8. Calculate spray rate on the band with this
formula:
• gpa = gallons used x 43,560 ft2/a
treated width x distance (ft)
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• Example: A 6-row planter sprays a 12 inch
band centered over 36 inch rows. It is sprayed
for 300 ft and uses 0.75 gallon of water. What
is the spray rate?
• treated width = 12 x 6 / 12 = 6 ft
• gpa = 0.75 gal x 43,560 ft2 / 6 ft x 300 ft = 18.2 gpa
• A 100 gallon tank can treat 100 / 18.2 = 5.5
acres of bands.
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• However, actual field coverage is equal to:
• FAT = TAT x ROW / BAND
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FAT = Field acres/tank
TAT = Treated acres/tank
ROW = Row spacing (in)
BAND= Band width (in)
• FAT = 5.5 x 36 / 12 = 16.5 acres
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• STEP 3. Adding the proper amount of
pesticide to the tank
– 1. Divide the capacity of the tank by the
gallons applied per treated acre to find the
treated acres per tank of spray.
– 2. To determine how much chemical to add
to the tank, multiply the recommended
formulated rate per acre by the number of
treated acres the tank will cover.
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– 3. Field acres represent the normal reference
to field size. In broadcast spraying field
acres/tank and treated acres/tank are the
same. When banding, treated acres/tank will
always be less than field acres per tank.
• BROADCAST: FAT = TAT
• BAND: FAT = TAT x ROW
BAND
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–
–
Where: FAT = Field acres/tank
TAT = Treated acres/tank
ROW = Row spacing, inches
BAND= Band width, inches
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• EXAMPLE: 200 gallon tank, 10 gallon/acre, 36
inch row, 12 inch band, 2.5 lbs/acre of AAtrex
80W.
– Step 1. 200 gal / 10 gpa = 20 TAT
– Step 2. 2.5 lb/a x 20 TAT = 50 lb/Tank
– Step 3. FAT = 20 x 36 / 12 = 60 FAT
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• EXAMPLE: 300 gallon tank, 40 gallon/acre,
0.5 qt/acre of Banvel.
– Step 1. 300 gal / 40 gpa = 7.5 TAT
– Step 2. 0.5 qt/a x 7.5 TAT = 3.75 qt/Tank
• WHAT IF YOU ONLY WANT TO TREAT 5.2
ACRES?
– 5.2 a x 40 gpa = 208 gallons
– 5.2 a x 0.5 qt = 2.6 qt
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• WHAT IF YOU HAVE 35 GALLONS LEFT IN
THE SPRAY TANK AND YOU WANT TO
TREAT 4 ACRES?
– 40 gal will cover 1 acre therefore,
35 gal / 40 gpa = 0.875 acres
– 4 a - 0.875 a = 3.125 acres
– 3.125 a x 40 gpa = 125 gallons of water
– 3.125 a x 0.5 qt = 1.56 qt or 50 oz of Banvel
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• WHAT IF PESTICIDE RATES ARE LISTED
IN TERMS OF POUNDS OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENT PER ACRE?
• Example: You are told to apply 2 lb ai/a of 2,4D. 2,4-D has 4 lb ai/gal. How many quarts of
2,4-D will you need to apply per acre?
• chem needed = rate (lb ai/a) / chem conc.
• 2 lb ai / 4 lb ai = 0.5 gal or 0.5 x 4 = 2 qt/a 2,4-D
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• Example: You need to apply 0.5 lb ai/a of
an 80% WP. How many pounds of
product will you need to apply per acre?
• chem needed = rate (lb ai/a) / chem conc.
• 0.5 lb ai / 0.80 ai = 0.625 lb/a
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1/128 Method Of Calibration
Calibrating Hand Sprayers And High
Pressure Hand Guns
• Because a gallon = 128 ounces and the
area to be sprayed is 1/128 of an acre,
ounces collected = gallons per acre.
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STEP 1
• Measure out an area equal to 1/128th of
an acre. Approximately 340 sq. ft. or an
area 18.5 by 18.5 ft.
18.5 ft
18.5 ft
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STEP 1
• Measure out an area equal to 1/128th of
an acre. Approximately 340 sq. ft. or an
area 10 by 34 ft.
10 ft
34 ft
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STEP 1
• Measure out an area equal to 1/128th of
an acre. Approximately 340 sq. ft. or an
area 1.5 by 228 ft.
1.5 ft
228 ft
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STEP 2
• Measure the time it takes to
spray the measured area. Repeat
several times and take the
average time.
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STEP 3
• Spray into a container for the same
amount of time it took to spray the
measured area. Measure the water
collected, in ounces. The amount
collected in ounces equals gallons per
acre.
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EXAMPLE
HAND SPRAYER
• Step 1. Measure area. 18.5 by 18.5 ft =
340 sq ft
• Step 2. Time to spray = 51 seconds
• Step 3. Amount collected = 40 ounces
• Therefore; 40 ounces = 40 GPA
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DETERMINING HOW MUCH PESTICIDE TO
ADD TO THE SPRAY MIXTURE
• Recommendation is to apply 1 quart of
2,4-D per acre
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• The sprayer is applying 40 gallons
per acre. Therefore; you will need to
add 1 quart of 2,4-D to each 40
gallons of water.
• Your sprayer only holds 1 gallon of
spray mixture. So how much
pesticide will you need to add to the
gallon of water?
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• 1 quart or 32 ounces divided by 40
gallons means that each gallon of
water contains 0.8 ounces of 2,4-D
• 1 fluid ounce = 2 tablespoons.
Therefore; you will need ~ 2
tablespoons of 2,4-D per gallon of
water.
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• 1 fluid ounce = 30 (cc) or (ml).
Therefore; if measuring in cc you
would need 0.8 ounces X 30 cc/ounce
= 24 cc per gallon of water.
– A plastic syringe is an easy and
accurate way to measure liquid
pesticides.
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• How large of an area will 1 gallon
spray? There are 43,560 ft2/acre. If
40 gallons will spray one acre then
one gallon will spray an area 1/40
that size.
•
43,560 ft2
40
•
= 1089 ft2
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1/128 Method Of Calibration
MULTIPLE NOZZLE BOOM-TYPE SPRAYERS
• This method of sprayer
calibration gives sprayer
output in gallons per acre
when nozzle discharge is
measured in ounces over
a course length that =
1/128th of an acre or 340
ft2
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STEP 1
• Adjust the sprayer pressure and check
for uniformity. Operate the sprayer for 1
minute and measure spray from each
nozzle. Clean or replace any nozzle that
delivers + or - 5% than the output from a
new nozzle in good condition.
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STEP 2
• Measure the spray band width or nozzle
spacing in inches on the boom to
determine the course length.
• The area to be sprayed must equal
1/128th of an acre or 340 ft2
• If the nozzle spacing = 20" then the
distance to travel would be 204 ft.
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• 20" (1.67 ft) X 204 ft = 340 ft2
204 ft
1.67 ft
340 ft2 or 1/128 of an acre
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STEP 3
• Catch the spray from ONE nozzle
while operating the sprayer under
field conditions or for the time
required to travel the needed
distance at a desired speed.
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STEP 4
• Measure the spray collected in
ounces. The number of ounces
collected is the same as the
number of gallons per acre.
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EXAMPLE
• You have a sprayer that has 15
nozzles on a 30 inch spacing.
How would you calibrate it using
the 1/128th method?
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STEP 1
• Make sure sprayer is adjusted
properly and nozzles are in good
working order.
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STEP 2
• Measure nozzle spacing in inches on the
boom to determine the course length.
• Using the formula:
•
4084 / 30 inches = 136 feet
• Or from Table 1. W = 30 inches and D =
136 feet
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Table 1. Distance (D) to travel and seconds
required for selected speeds when nozzle
coverage is (W) inches.
W (in)
D (ft)
2 mph
20
204
24
170
58
39
26
157
54
36
28
146
50
33
30
136
46
31
70 seconds
3 mph
46 seconds
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STEP 3
• Time how long it takes to travel the
136 ft at a desired speed. Travel this
distance several times and get an
average time.
• Perhaps it takes an average of 31
seconds to travel the 136 feet.
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STEP 4
• Collect the spray from ONE nozzle in a
container for 31 seconds.
• Measure the water collected in ounces.
• The amount collected in ounces equals
gallons per acre.
• If in 31 seconds you collected 20 ounces
your sprayer output would be 20 gallons
per acre.
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DETERMINING HOW MUCH
PESTICIDE TO ADD TO THE SPRAY
MIXTURE
• The recommendation from the label
is to apply 1 quart of 2,4-D per acre.
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• The sprayer is applying 20 gallons
per acre.
• Therefore; you will need to add 1
quart of 2,4-D to each 20 gallons of
water.
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• Your sprayer holds 200 gallons. So
how much pesticide will you need to
add to the 200 gallon spray tank?
– 200 gallons divided by 1 qt 2,4-D
per 20 gallons water = 10 quarts of
2,4-D per tank
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• How large an area can be sprayed by
your 200 gallon tank?
– 200 gallons divided by 20 gallons
per acre = 10 acres
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CALIBRATING GRANULAR
APPLICATORS
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CALIBRATING GRANULAR
APPLICATORS
• 1. Adjust orifice and fill hopper.
• 2. Operate the unit in the field to be
treated and collect the granules as the
unit is operating.
• 3. Weigh the amount of chemical
delivered.
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• 4.
Calculate the area treated.
– band width x number of rows x length
– or row spacing x number of rows x length
– or swath width x length
• 5.
lb of granules/a =
– [43,560 x lbs of granules collected] divided by [the
area of the measured course in ft2]
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• 6. The above steps may have to be repeated
until the desired amount is delivered.
• Example: A granular applicator treats a swath
width of 20 ft and is driven over a distance of
217.8 ft. The unit delivers 0.7 lb. What amount
of granules are being applied per acre?
• 43,560 x 0.7 / 4356 = 7 lb/a
• You want the unit to deliver 100 lbs of product
per acre. What needs to be done?
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• Unit should deliver:
• [100 lbs x 4356 ft2] / 43,560 ft2 = 10
lbs in the measured course.
• Adjust the orifice until 10 lbs are
collected per 4356 ft2.
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FACTORS AFFECTING
GRANULAR APPLICATORS
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1. Exposed area of the metering orifice
2. Speed of the agitator
3. Ground speed of the applicator
4. Nature and size of the granules
5. Roughness of the field
6. Humidity and temperature
– When any of the above factors change the applicator
should be recalibrated.
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SOLUTIONS AS PERCENT OR PPM
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• SOLUTIONS AS PERCENT OR PPM
• Percent concentration by weight:
– lbs to use = [% by wt x gal final mix x 8.34] divided
by [% strength of chem to be used]
– Example: How much WP containing 40% ai should
be added to a 250 gallon tank if the recommended
treatment is 0.25% by weight?
– [0.0025 x 250 x 8.34]/0.4 = 13 lbs
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• Percent concentration by volume:
– gal to use = % by vol x gal final mix
– Example: When using Ally it is suggested
you add a surfactant at 0.25% by volume.
How much surfactant should be added to a
300 gallon spray solution?
– 0.0025 x 300 = 0.75 gallons or 3 quarts
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• Parts per million (ppm): Wettable Powder (dry
material)
– lbs to use = [ppm desired x gal final mix x 8.34]
divided by [1 million x % strength of chem used]
– Example: How much WP containing 40% ai should
be added to a 100 gallon tank if the recommended
treatment is 1200 ppm?
– 1200 x 100 x 8.34 / 1 mil x 0.4 = 2.5 lbs
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• Parts per million: Liquid
– gal to use = [ppm desired x gal final mix x 8.34]
divided by [1 million x lbs ai/gal]
– Example: How much liquid EC containing 0.625 lbs
of ai/gal should be added to a 100 gallon tank if the
recommended treatment calls for 300 ppm ai of a
liquid chemical?
– 300 x 100 x 8.34 / 1 mil x 0.625 = 0.4 gallons
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• SUMMARY
– Find a calibration method you
understand and use it every time.
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Exams with calibration problems
on them
•
•
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Ag pest control-weed & insects (901 A & B)
Chemigation (901 F)
Forest pest control (902)
Ornamental & turf-weeds (903 A)
Aquatic pest control (905)
Right-of-way pest control (906)
Industrial, institutional, structural & health
related pest control (907)
• Regulatory pest control (909)
• Demonstration & research pest control (910)
• Aerial (912)
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