The Industrial Revolution was a time of dramatic change
Download
Report
Transcript The Industrial Revolution was a time of dramatic change
PERIOD 4: 1800–1848
The new republic struggled to define
and extend democratic ideals in the
face of rapid economic, territorial,
and demographic changes.
Chapter 8
Updated 3/2015
The Growth of a National
Economy
Part 1
The Industrial Revolution
was a time of dramatic
change, from hand tools
and handmade items, to
products which were
mass produced by
machines.
Workers became more
productive, and since more
items were manufactured,
prices dropped, making
exclusive and hard to make
items available to the poor,
not only the rich and elite.
Life generally improved, but the
industrial revolution also proved
harmful.
Pollution increased, working
conditions were dangerous, and
capitalists employed women and
young children, making them work
long and hard hours.
Child Labor
The industrial
revolution was a time
of change, for better
or worse.
Pre-Industrial Age
China further advanced than
Europe
They used gunpowder, silk, linen,
cotton, spices, and the compass
Europe does not catch up until the
Age of Exploration (1500)
Pre-Industrial Age
Europeans and Americans grew
their own food, made their own
clothing and household items,
and rarely traveled more than 10
miles from home
Pre-Industrial Age
Energy used was
wind, water, people
and animals
Coal could be burned
for fuel but it wasn’t
possible to mine
deeply into the
ground
Pre-Industrial Age
Materials used for
products included
wood, wool, and
precious metals
Iron could be
produced but it was
expensive, brittle,
and a slow process
Pig Iron Molds
Agricultural Revolution
By 1600, the world was experiencing
changes in the production of food
New techniques were introduced fertilizers, crop rotation, flood control
and irrigation
Less people were needed to grow more
crops
Cottage Industries
People bartered extra goods with
neighbors, or in the nearest village
Over time, cottage industries arose,
in which a family would produce 1
product (start to finish)
They traded this product for other
items they needed
Pre-Industrial Cities
Centers for government and
trade
Unhealthy
Lack of sanitation
Fire hazards
Contagious diseases
Industrial Revolution
By the early 1700s, conditions in
England were right for an industrial
revolution
Stable government
Food supply
Population increase
Education/innovation encouraged by
the Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution
Begins with the textile industry
Process of making clothing
1. Gather fibers from plants or sheep
2. Spin yarn from fibers
3. Weave cloth from yarn
4. Dye cloth with native materials
5. Cut cloth to size
6. Sew pieces together and add fasteners
hand-made from wood or metals
Industrialization of
the Textile Industry
In 1733, the flying
shuttle was invented
by John Kay
It wove fabric using a
machine that wove
more than one strand
at a time
Spinners were needed
to keep up with the
weavers
Spinsters were hired
Industrialization
Spinners spun 1
thread at a time,
using a spinning
wheel
In 1765, the
spinning jenny was
invented by J.
Hargreaves - it
could spin 100
threads at a time
Industrialization of the Textile
Industry
In 1790, a water powered spinning
jenny was invented
It no longer fit in the home
Laborers needed to be hired to work
in the factories
Capital was needed to build factories
Factories had to be located near
water
Industrialization of the Textile
Industry
Industrialization of the Textile
Industry
Adults did not want
to work in factories
To fill the shortfall,
factories bought
paupers, or orphans
to work in their
factories
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
Products and patents were sold
abroad
Immigrants brought ideas to new
countries
Espionage was common
Key Concept 4.2:
Developments in technology,
agriculture, and commerce
precipitated profound changes in
U.S. settlement patterns,
regional identities, gender and
family relations, political power,
and distribution of consumer
goods.
I. A global market and
communications revolution,
influencing and influenced by
technological innovations, led to
dramatic shifts in the nature of
agriculture and manufacturing.
A. Innovations including textile
machinery, steam engines,
interchangeable parts, canals,
railroads, and the telegraph,
as well as agricultural
inventions, both extended
markets and brought
efficiency to production for
those markets.
Required terms:
Samuel Slater
What/Who
Steel Tipped Plow
What/Who
Mechanical Reaper
What/Who
Importance
Importance
Importance
B. Increasing numbers of Americans,
especially women in factories and
low skilled male workers, no
longer relied on semi-subsistence
agriculture but made their
livelihoods producing goods for
distant markets,
even as some urban entrepreneurs
went into finance rather than
manufacturing.
Required terms:
Baldwin
Locomotive Works
Lowell system
What/Who
What/Who
Anthracite
coal mining
What/Who
Importance
Importance
Importance
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
Slater Factory
Samuel Slater
memorized the plans
for a textile mill
before leaving
England
When he came to the
USA, he built an
improved version in
Pawtucket, RI
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
Factories in Lowell,
Mass recruited
farmers’ daughters
Furnished them with
dormitories and
eating facilities
Bootmill in Lowell, Mass
Innovations to Farming
The most wideranging effect came
from the invention of
the cotton gin
It furthered the
industrialization of
the textile industry by
making cotton readily
available
Innovations to Farming
Invented in 1794 by Eli
Whitney, it had many
effects on the country
Made cotton more
profitable
Planters changed to
growing cotton exclusively
Planter sought new land,
settled Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana
Increased dependency on
slavery
Innovations to Manufacturing
Principles of manufacturing
textiles were soon applied to
many products, from
household items to military
arms
Eli Whitney developed the
idea of manufacturing
interchangeable parts in
1798
This increased the speed of
production and the ease of
repairing machinery
Energy & Transportation
In 1705 a steam
pump was invented
for pumping water
out of the mines
In 1760, James Watts
invented the first
potable, or
commercial steam
engine
Energy & Transportation
In 1805, the 1st
successful steam boat
was built by Robert
Fulton
Very practical for
transporting people
and goods upriver
The Clermont
Energy & Transportation
In 1810, Macadam
was invented in
Scotland
Turnpikes soon
followed
(1st section of PA Turnpike
completed in 1822)
Energy & Transportation
In 1811 work began in the USA
on the Cumberland Road
It started in Maryland and
stretched west (It is now part of
route 40)
Energy & Transportation
In 1825, the 1st
successful
locomotive was
invented by
George
Stephenson
Energy & Transportation
Within 25 years,
tracks were
crisscrossing
England,
America, and
the Continent
Stations became
town centers
Energy & Transportation
Canals were important transportation
marvels
The Erie Canal stretched from Lake Erie
to Albany, NY
Cost of freight from Cincinnati to New
York City went from $100 a ton to $10
Perishable goods became available
further from farms and processing
plants
Key Concept 4.1 (I)
C. With the acceleration of a national and
international market economy, Americans
debated the scope of government’s role in the
economy, while diverging economic systems
meant that regional political and economic
loyalties often continued to overshadow
national concerns.
D. Many white Americans in the South asserted
their regional identity through pride in the
institution of slavery, insisting that the federal
government should defend that institution.
Capitalism
Economic system based on profit
Supply and demand determine what
will be manufactured, when, and at
what price
Depends on entrepreneurs for
success
Government plays a limited role
Monetary System
Bartering no longer practical –
more money needed in
circulation
Government used “specie”,
coins from precious metals –
value dependent on value of
metals they contained
Banks took specie deposits but
used bank notes for currency –
theoretically bank notes could be
redeemed for specie
2nd Bank of the USA
Established after War of 1812
Privately owned
Repository for government gold & silver
Supposed to have conservative lending policies
to improve the banking system
Instead made speculative loans to western
banks – loaned 10X as much as deposits
Recovered but halted most loans to the west,
making it advantageous to eastern
manufacturers
Banking System in USA
All banks except for the Bank of the USA
were independently owned
Virtually no banking regulations until the
1930s
Many banks failed or experienced severe
shortages; led to several recessions
Labor
People were used to being self-employed and
did not want to work in factories
Factories attracted workers by advertising and
providing lodging
Single females from farming families became
“Lowell Girls”
Later replaced by new immigrants
Middle class of managers and investors began
to emerge
Labor unions were formed to protect rights of
laborers.
Part 2
Sectionalism
Sectional Differences
The Northern Section
The Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota) depended
on agriculture and agricultural processing
The Northeast (New England and the
middle states) depended on manufacturing
and trade
II. Regional economic
specialization, especially the
demands of cultivating
southern cotton, shaped
settlement patterns and the
national and international
economy.
The Northern Section
The Northwest was influenced by the
climate and fertile soil of the region
Once the mechanical reaper and steel
tipped plow were invented, farming became a
major industry
Agricultural products like whiskey and beer
made preservation of grains easier
Feeding grains to animals provided farmers
with both meat and fat; keeping the animals
alive until slaughter preserved the meat
The Northern Section
• Cities in the Northwest grew up
around the agricultural processing
industry
•Cincinnati was a center for hog
slaughtering
•Chicago would grow around the cattle
industry
•Grand Rapids would grow around the
cereal / grain industry
The Northern Section
Goods from the Northwest were
transported primarily by water
They could be floated down-river on
the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi to
New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico
Goods could also be transported
across the Great Lakes to the Erie
Canal, to the Hudson River and the
Atlantic Ocean
The Northern Section
While many people continued to farm in
the Northeast, more and more people moved
into urban areas
The Northeast was the 1st area of the
country to become industrialized
They depended on food and natural
resources from other areas to survive
Their economy revolved around the trade
of processed foods and manufactured goods
The Northern Section
Textile mills and their surrounding
towns grew up in Rhode Island and
Massachusetts
Eli Whitney built a manufacturing
plant in Connecticut to make rifles
based on his system of interchangeable
parts
Other plants produced furniture,
clocks, glass and tinware
The Northern Section
• In Lowell, Mass young ladies
earned $3.25 for a 72-hour week
•They were charged $1.25 for room
and board, leaving them $2.00 for
basic necessities
•That is the equivalent of earning
$69.14 per week today!
The Growth of Cities
Between 1810 and 1840, the percentage of
people living in cities doubled from 6% to
12%
Approximately 500,000 people lived in
Manhattan in 1850
Public institutions like hospitals and
schools became more important as people
no longer lived with extended families
The Growth of Cities
Cities developed neighborhoods for
the rich and poor
Poor people lived near industrial
centers in overcrowded tenements
Wealthy people lived ‘uptown’ in
cleaner neighborhoods with parks
and multistoried townhouses
Key Concept 4.1 (II.)
A. Southern cotton furnished the raw
material for manufacturing in the
Northeast, while the growth in
cotton production and trade
promoted the development of
national economic ties, shaped the
international economy, and fueled
the internal slave trade
Southern Farming
Varied from large plantations to
small farms
Fertile soil, long growing season,
and humidity made agriculture
attractive
Investment in industry was minimal
Cities were generally ports
The Cotton Belt
•
•
•
•
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North
Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Arkansas
The Southern Section
Cotton was ‘king’
Pounds of raw cotton produced:
• 1820 - 160 million
• 1830 - 320 million (doubled)
• 1850 - exceeded 1billion
The Southern Section
Cotton was ‘king’
Slaves investments
Slave laws became more restrictive
Slaves were illegally imported
Southern Economy
100% of cotton was grown in the south
More than 80% of the cotton was
exported to England and New England
Most cargo ships were built in the north;
most commercial trade enterprises were
from the north
B. Despite some governmental and
private efforts to create a unified
national economy, most notably the
American System, the shift to
market production linked the North
and the Midwest more closely than
either was linked to the South.
American System:
The West
Frontier was west of Appalachian
Mountains to the Mississippi River
Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio
Independent frontiersmen
Needed infrastructure to get goods to market
Produced food crops – sold to South and
North
Jackson (Tennessee) Clay (Kentucky)
Part 3
Era of Good Feelings to 2nd Party System
The Growth of Nationalism
National pride was strengthened
after the War of 1812
Era of Good Feeling (1816 - 1824)
Americans began to respect their
own unique culture
America would continue to grow
geographically, economically and
militarily
Foreign Policy
After the War of 1812, relations with
Great Britain improved tremendously
During the Napoleonic Wars, Spain lost
several colonies in Latin America
Great Britain wanted those countries to
remain independent and the USA wanted
to keep European countries away from
our shores
Foreign Policy
President Monroe and his Sec. of State,
John Q. Adams, wrote the Monroe
Doctrine
Countries that were already independent
would remain that way
European countries could keep their existing
colonies
USA would stay out of affairs in Europe
Monroe Doctrine backed by the British
navy!
Era of Good Feeling
1816-1824
1 political party
economic prosperity
• Exception – Panic of 1819
Election of 1820
Interesting facts:
Monroe ran for his 2nd
term unopposed
Out of 235 electoral votes,
Monroe received 231
1820 was the last
election of the Era of
Good Feelings
1 elector voted for J.Q.
Adams so that Washington
would be the only one voted
in unanimously
3 electors died before the
vote and couldn’t be
replaced in time
Election of 1824
Four major candidates vied for the
presidency
Democratic-Republicans
John Quincy Adams, (Mass)
Henry Clay, (Kentucky)
John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)
General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee)
Election of 1824
Ended Era of Good Feelings
The Democratic-Republicans split into:
National Republicans
Jacksonian Democrats
Election of 1824
Jackson won plurality, not majority
House of Representatives decided the
winner after many votes
Corrupt bargain – Clay withdrew and
supported JQA
JQA appointed Clay his Sec. of State
National Power
John Quincy Adams
national program for the arts and
sciences
• Observatory
• Library
• Museums
ahead of his time; many would be
authorized after his term
The American System
Henry Clay
Government should build infrastructure
• bridges, roads, canals
Protective tariffs
Supported by many businessmen
Opponents did not want to pay taxes for
programs that did not directly benefit them
Few of his programs were passed in
Congress
Election of 1828
John Quincy Adams and Andrew
Jackson again squared off
Jackson had the support of Congress
and the new western states
For the first time, there were over 1
million voters
New states had entered, the
population grew, and property
requirements were dropped
“The Peoples’ President”
Jackson capitalized on his war
record and his tough childhood
By the time of the election, he was a
wealthy plantation owner
He endured a scandal involving his
wife, Rachel
She died immediately before he took
office
Andrew Jackson participated
in many duels. He was shot at
least twice as a result of
dueling. While President, one
of Jackson's strongest
supporters was Thomas
Benton, a United States
Senator who shot Jackson 20
years earlier.
“The Peoples’ President”
After Jackson won in 1828, he
invited the common people to his
inauguration party!
“The Peoples’ President”
Patronage – Spoils System
“To the victor goes the spoils”
Jackson appointed his supporters to
positions of authority
Good idea or a bad one?
King Andrew
Jackson had long
advocated a limited
role for the national
government
He vetoed more
legislation than the
previous 6 presidents
combined
Peggy Eaton Affair
Previously married
Husband died in the navy – questions about
suicide
Rumor that she was having an affair with
John Eaton (Sec. of the War)
Married Eaton after husband’s death
V.P. Calhoun’s wife refused to socialize
with her
Split sides Peggy’s supporters (Pres.
Jackson) and detractors (VP Calhoun)
Tariffs and Nullification
1828 - Tariff of Abominations
Passed during JQA’s presidency
May have been passed by Jackson
supporters to embarrass JQA
High, protective tariffs benefiting N.E.
Hurt South – consumers and exporters
Tariffs and Nullification
(1832-1833)
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
states could nullify federal laws if they were
unconstitutional
they could secede if they desired
secretly written by V.P. Calhoun in 1828;
adopted by SC legislature in 1832
“The Toast”
1830 – Tensions between Jackson and
Calhoun escalated
Celebration of Jefferson’s Birthday,
Jackson gave a toast
“Our Union – it must be preserved”
Taken as direct insult to Calhoun
Webster – Hayne Debate - 1830
Started as a debate on selling western lands
Daniel Webster of Massachusetts vs. Robert
Haynes of South Carolina
Northerners wanted to keep cheap laborers
from moving West; Southerners wanted to
continue expanding West and form an
alliance with new Western states
Debate continued about state vs. federal
control
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Proposed by Henry Clay
Reduced or eliminated tariffs
Accepted by Southerners
Ended tariff crisis but did not resolve the
issues of nullification or secession
C. Efforts to exploit the nation’s natural
resources led to government efforts to
promote free and forced migration of
various American peoples across the
continent, as well as to competing ideas
about defining and managing labor
systems, geographical boundaries, and
natural resources.
**Gold found in Georgia & North Carolina
resulted in the Trail of Tears
Force Act of 1833
Proposed by Jackson
Passed the same day as the
Compromise Tariff
Federal troops would be used to
enforce federal laws and collect
tariffs, if necessary
South Carolina then nullified the
Force Act!
The Bank War
Jackson vowed to destroy the 2nd
Bank of the USA
Because it was 80% privately owned,
the bank could make decisions that
benefited one group over others
In 1832, Nicholas Biddle requested
the bank’s charter be renewed (4
years early)
Although it passed in Congress,
Jackson vetoed it
The Bank War
Jackson then withdrew all of the
deposits of the United States
government and deposited them in
‘pet banks’
The dissatisfied members of the
National Republican Party started the
Whigs
In 1836, Jackson supported his V.P.,
Martin Van Buren
Specie Circular - 1836
Executive order by Jackson
Land speculation and paper money were
causing rampant inflation
Public lands had to be purchased with
gold or silver
Contributed to Panic of 1837
Left mess to “Van Ruin” to deal with
The Indian Crisis
Causes:
1829 gold was found in Georgia
more land was needed for cotton
“The only good Indian is a dead Indian”
Only the 5 civilized tribes remained in
the Southeast
The Cherokee had adopted the white
culture and were successful farmers,
lawyers, teachers, etc.
Indian Removal Act - 1830
Land in Indian Territory was to be exchanged for the tribal lands
in the southeast
Georgia enacted laws that allowed them to confiscate land
Cherokee fought the removal in court
1831 – Cherokee Nation V. Georgia
• Court ruled that it did not have the authority to overturn Georgia’s laws
• Ruled that Cherokee were not a foreign power and had no standing in
court
1832 – Worchester v. Georgia (brought by Worchester, a non-indian)
• Court ruled that Cherokee were a separate, sovereign nation based on
treaties with USA
• Georgia was infringing on federal authority when they attempted to
confiscate Cherokee land
“John Marshall made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
The Indian Crisis
1835 – Treaty of New Enchota
Small group of Indians signed treaty on behalf of all
of them and started to move west
1838- US Army forcibly marched 15,000 to
Indian Territory
The journey of 1000 miles took 116 days
The ‘Trail of Tears’ ended with 25% of the
Indians dead from disease, exhaustion, and
cold
The Indian Uprisings
Black Hawk War occurred in the
Illinois Territory in 1831
The Fox & Sauk Indians were hunted
down and killed in Wisconsin
The 2nd Seminole War lasted from
1835 to 1842
In the end, only a few hundred
Seminole survived by hiding deep in
the Everglades
Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison ran his
log-cabin campaign
Died 1 month after taking office
John Tyler became president but
was in conflict with Congress over
his role - Constitution was not
clear about the succession of
presidents
Key Concept 4.2
III. The economic changes caused by
the market revolution had
significant effects on migration
patterns, gender and family
relations, and the distribution of
political power.
A. With the opening of canals and new roads into
the western territories, native-born white
citizens relocated westward, relying on new
community systems to replace their old family
and local relationships.
B. Migrants from Europe increased the
population in the East and the Midwest,
forging strong bonds of interdependence
between the Northeast and the Old Northwest.
C. The South remained politically, culturally, and
ideologically distinct from the other sections,
while continuing to rely on its exports to
Europe for economic growth.
D. The market revolution helped to
widen a gap between rich and poor, shaped emerging
middle and working classes,
and caused an increasing separation between home
and workplace,
which led to dramatic transformations in gender and
in family roles and expectations.
E. Regional interests continued to trump
national concerns as the basis for many
political leaders’ positions on economic issues
including
slavery
the national bank
tariffs
internal improvements.
Required terms:
Cult of domesticity Lydia Maria Child Early labor unions
What/Who
What/Who
What/Who
Importance
Importance
Importance
The End !