Transcript The Industrial Revolution was a time of dramatic change

PERIOD 4: 1800–1848
The new republic struggled to define
and extend democratic ideals in the
face of rapid economic, territorial,
and demographic changes.
Chapter 8
Updated 3/2015
The Growth of a National
Economy
Part 1
The Industrial Revolution
was a time of dramatic
change, from hand tools
and handmade items, to
products which were
mass produced by
machines.
Workers became more
productive, and since more
items were manufactured,
prices dropped, making
exclusive and hard to make
items available to the poor,
not only the rich and elite.
Life generally improved, but the
industrial revolution also proved
harmful.
Pollution increased, working
conditions were dangerous, and
capitalists employed women and
young children, making them work
long and hard hours.
Child Labor
The industrial
revolution was a time
of change, for better
or worse.
Pre-Industrial Age
 China further advanced than
Europe
 They used gunpowder, silk, linen,
cotton, spices, and the compass
 Europe does not catch up until the
Age of Exploration (1500)
Pre-Industrial Age
 Europeans and Americans grew
their own food, made their own
clothing and household items,
and rarely traveled more than 10
miles from home
Pre-Industrial Age
 Energy used was
wind, water, people
and animals
 Coal could be burned
for fuel but it wasn’t
possible to mine
deeply into the
ground
Pre-Industrial Age
 Materials used for
products included
wood, wool, and
precious metals
 Iron could be
produced but it was
expensive, brittle,
and a slow process
Pig Iron Molds
Agricultural Revolution
 By 1600, the world was experiencing
changes in the production of food
 New techniques were introduced fertilizers, crop rotation, flood control
and irrigation
 Less people were needed to grow more
crops
Cottage Industries
 People bartered extra goods with
neighbors, or in the nearest village
 Over time, cottage industries arose,
in which a family would produce 1
product (start to finish)
 They traded this product for other
items they needed
Pre-Industrial Cities
 Centers for government and
trade
 Unhealthy
Lack of sanitation
 Fire hazards
 Contagious diseases

Industrial Revolution
 By the early 1700s, conditions in
England were right for an industrial
revolution




Stable government
Food supply
Population increase
Education/innovation encouraged by
the Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution
 Begins with the textile industry
 Process of making clothing
1. Gather fibers from plants or sheep
2. Spin yarn from fibers
3. Weave cloth from yarn
4. Dye cloth with native materials
5. Cut cloth to size
6. Sew pieces together and add fasteners
hand-made from wood or metals
Industrialization of
the Textile Industry
 In 1733, the flying
shuttle was invented
by John Kay
 It wove fabric using a
machine that wove
more than one strand
at a time
 Spinners were needed
to keep up with the
weavers
 Spinsters were hired
Industrialization
 Spinners spun 1
thread at a time,
using a spinning
wheel
 In 1765, the
spinning jenny was
invented by J.
Hargreaves - it
could spin 100
threads at a time
Industrialization of the Textile
Industry
 In 1790, a water powered spinning
jenny was invented
 It no longer fit in the home
 Laborers needed to be hired to work
in the factories
 Capital was needed to build factories
 Factories had to be located near
water
Industrialization of the Textile
Industry
Industrialization of the Textile
Industry
 Adults did not want
to work in factories
 To fill the shortfall,
factories bought
paupers, or orphans
to work in their
factories
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
 Products and patents were sold
abroad
 Immigrants brought ideas to new
countries
 Espionage was common
 Key Concept 4.2:
Developments in technology,
agriculture, and commerce
precipitated profound changes in
U.S. settlement patterns,
regional identities, gender and
family relations, political power,
and distribution of consumer
goods.
I. A global market and
communications revolution,
influencing and influenced by
technological innovations, led to
dramatic shifts in the nature of
agriculture and manufacturing.
A. Innovations including textile
machinery, steam engines,
interchangeable parts, canals,
railroads, and the telegraph,
as well as agricultural
inventions, both extended
markets and brought
efficiency to production for
those markets.
Required terms:
Samuel Slater
 What/Who
Steel Tipped Plow
 What/Who
Mechanical Reaper
 What/Who
 Importance
 Importance
 Importance
B. Increasing numbers of Americans,
especially women in factories and
low skilled male workers, no
longer relied on semi-subsistence
agriculture but made their
livelihoods producing goods for
distant markets,
even as some urban entrepreneurs
went into finance rather than
manufacturing.
Required terms:
Baldwin
Locomotive Works
Lowell system
 What/Who
 What/Who
Anthracite
coal mining
 What/Who
 Importance
 Importance
 Importance
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
Slater Factory
 Samuel Slater
memorized the plans
for a textile mill
before leaving
England
 When he came to the
USA, he built an
improved version in
Pawtucket, RI
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
 Factories in Lowell,
Mass recruited
farmers’ daughters
 Furnished them with
dormitories and
eating facilities
Bootmill in Lowell, Mass
Innovations to Farming
 The most wideranging effect came
from the invention of
the cotton gin
 It furthered the
industrialization of
the textile industry by
making cotton readily
available
Innovations to Farming
 Invented in 1794 by Eli
Whitney, it had many
effects on the country




Made cotton more
profitable
Planters changed to
growing cotton exclusively
Planter sought new land,
settled Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana
Increased dependency on
slavery
Innovations to Manufacturing
 Principles of manufacturing
textiles were soon applied to
many products, from
household items to military
arms
 Eli Whitney developed the
idea of manufacturing
interchangeable parts in
1798
 This increased the speed of
production and the ease of
repairing machinery
Energy & Transportation
 In 1705 a steam
pump was invented
for pumping water
out of the mines
 In 1760, James Watts
invented the first
potable, or
commercial steam
engine
Energy & Transportation
 In 1805, the 1st
successful steam boat
was built by Robert
Fulton
 Very practical for
transporting people
and goods upriver
The Clermont
Energy & Transportation
 In 1810, Macadam
was invented in
Scotland
 Turnpikes soon
followed
(1st section of PA Turnpike
completed in 1822)
Energy & Transportation
 In 1811 work began in the USA
on the Cumberland Road
 It started in Maryland and
stretched west (It is now part of
route 40)
Energy & Transportation
 In 1825, the 1st
successful
locomotive was
invented by
George
Stephenson
Energy & Transportation
 Within 25 years,
tracks were
crisscrossing
England,
America, and
the Continent
 Stations became
town centers
Energy & Transportation
 Canals were important transportation
marvels
 The Erie Canal stretched from Lake Erie
to Albany, NY
 Cost of freight from Cincinnati to New
York City went from $100 a ton to $10
 Perishable goods became available
further from farms and processing
plants
Key Concept 4.1 (I)
 C. With the acceleration of a national and
international market economy, Americans
debated the scope of government’s role in the
economy, while diverging economic systems
meant that regional political and economic
loyalties often continued to overshadow
national concerns.
 D. Many white Americans in the South asserted
their regional identity through pride in the
institution of slavery, insisting that the federal
government should defend that institution.
Capitalism
 Economic system based on profit
 Supply and demand determine what
will be manufactured, when, and at
what price
 Depends on entrepreneurs for
success
 Government plays a limited role
Monetary System
 Bartering no longer practical –
more money needed in
circulation
 Government used “specie”,
coins from precious metals –
value dependent on value of
metals they contained
 Banks took specie deposits but
used bank notes for currency –
theoretically bank notes could be
redeemed for specie
2nd Bank of the USA

Established after War of 1812

Privately owned

Repository for government gold & silver

Supposed to have conservative lending policies
to improve the banking system

Instead made speculative loans to western
banks – loaned 10X as much as deposits

Recovered but halted most loans to the west,
making it advantageous to eastern
manufacturers
Banking System in USA
 All banks except for the Bank of the USA
were independently owned
 Virtually no banking regulations until the
1930s
 Many banks failed or experienced severe
shortages; led to several recessions
Labor
 People were used to being self-employed and
did not want to work in factories
 Factories attracted workers by advertising and
providing lodging
 Single females from farming families became
“Lowell Girls”
 Later replaced by new immigrants
 Middle class of managers and investors began
to emerge
 Labor unions were formed to protect rights of
laborers.
Part 2
Sectionalism
Sectional Differences
The Northern Section
The Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota) depended
on agriculture and agricultural processing
The Northeast (New England and the
middle states) depended on manufacturing
and trade
II. Regional economic
specialization, especially the
demands of cultivating
southern cotton, shaped
settlement patterns and the
national and international
economy.
The Northern Section
 The Northwest was influenced by the
climate and fertile soil of the region
Once the mechanical reaper and steel
tipped plow were invented, farming became a
major industry
Agricultural products like whiskey and beer
made preservation of grains easier
Feeding grains to animals provided farmers
with both meat and fat; keeping the animals
alive until slaughter preserved the meat
The Northern Section
• Cities in the Northwest grew up
around the agricultural processing
industry
•Cincinnati was a center for hog
slaughtering
•Chicago would grow around the cattle
industry
•Grand Rapids would grow around the
cereal / grain industry
The Northern Section
Goods from the Northwest were
transported primarily by water
They could be floated down-river on
the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi to
New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico
Goods could also be transported
across the Great Lakes to the Erie
Canal, to the Hudson River and the
Atlantic Ocean
The Northern Section
While many people continued to farm in
the Northeast, more and more people moved
into urban areas
The Northeast was the 1st area of the
country to become industrialized
They depended on food and natural
resources from other areas to survive
Their economy revolved around the trade
of processed foods and manufactured goods
The Northern Section
Textile mills and their surrounding
towns grew up in Rhode Island and
Massachusetts
Eli Whitney built a manufacturing
plant in Connecticut to make rifles
based on his system of interchangeable
parts
Other plants produced furniture,
clocks, glass and tinware
The Northern Section
• In Lowell, Mass young ladies
earned $3.25 for a 72-hour week
•They were charged $1.25 for room
and board, leaving them $2.00 for
basic necessities
•That is the equivalent of earning
$69.14 per week today!
The Growth of Cities
 Between 1810 and 1840, the percentage of
people living in cities doubled from 6% to
12%
 Approximately 500,000 people lived in
Manhattan in 1850
 Public institutions like hospitals and
schools became more important as people
no longer lived with extended families
The Growth of Cities
 Cities developed neighborhoods for
the rich and poor
 Poor people lived near industrial
centers in overcrowded tenements
 Wealthy people lived ‘uptown’ in
cleaner neighborhoods with parks
and multistoried townhouses
Key Concept 4.1 (II.)
A. Southern cotton furnished the raw
material for manufacturing in the
Northeast, while the growth in
cotton production and trade
promoted the development of
national economic ties, shaped the
international economy, and fueled
the internal slave trade
Southern Farming
 Varied from large plantations to
small farms
 Fertile soil, long growing season,
and humidity made agriculture
attractive
 Investment in industry was minimal
 Cities were generally ports
The Cotton Belt
•
•
•
•
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North
Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Arkansas
The Southern Section
 Cotton was ‘king’

Pounds of raw cotton produced:
• 1820 - 160 million
• 1830 - 320 million (doubled)
• 1850 - exceeded 1billion
The Southern Section
 Cotton was ‘king’



Slaves investments
Slave laws became more restrictive
Slaves were illegally imported
Southern Economy



100% of cotton was grown in the south
More than 80% of the cotton was
exported to England and New England
Most cargo ships were built in the north;
most commercial trade enterprises were
from the north
B. Despite some governmental and
private efforts to create a unified
national economy, most notably the
American System, the shift to
market production linked the North
and the Midwest more closely than
either was linked to the South.
American System:
The West
 Frontier was west of Appalachian
Mountains to the Mississippi River
 Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio




Independent frontiersmen
Needed infrastructure to get goods to market
Produced food crops – sold to South and
North
Jackson (Tennessee) Clay (Kentucky)
Part 3
Era of Good Feelings to 2nd Party System
The Growth of Nationalism
 National pride was strengthened
after the War of 1812
 Era of Good Feeling (1816 - 1824)
 Americans began to respect their
own unique culture
 America would continue to grow
geographically, economically and
militarily
Foreign Policy
 After the War of 1812, relations with
Great Britain improved tremendously
 During the Napoleonic Wars, Spain lost
several colonies in Latin America
 Great Britain wanted those countries to
remain independent and the USA wanted
to keep European countries away from
our shores
Foreign Policy
 President Monroe and his Sec. of State,
John Q. Adams, wrote the Monroe
Doctrine



Countries that were already independent
would remain that way
European countries could keep their existing
colonies
USA would stay out of affairs in Europe
 Monroe Doctrine backed by the British
navy!
 Era of Good Feeling
1816-1824
 1 political party
 economic prosperity

• Exception – Panic of 1819
Election of 1820
Interesting facts:
Monroe ran for his 2nd
term unopposed
Out of 235 electoral votes,
Monroe received 231
1820 was the last
election of the Era of
Good Feelings
1 elector voted for J.Q.
Adams so that Washington
would be the only one voted
in unanimously
3 electors died before the
vote and couldn’t be
replaced in time
Election of 1824
 Four major candidates vied for the
presidency
 Democratic-Republicans




John Quincy Adams, (Mass)
Henry Clay, (Kentucky)
John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)
General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee)
Election of 1824
 Ended Era of Good Feelings
 The Democratic-Republicans split into:


National Republicans
Jacksonian Democrats
Election of 1824
 Jackson won plurality, not majority
 House of Representatives decided the
winner after many votes
 Corrupt bargain – Clay withdrew and
supported JQA
 JQA appointed Clay his Sec. of State
National Power
 John Quincy Adams

national program for the arts and
sciences
• Observatory
• Library
• Museums

ahead of his time; many would be
authorized after his term
The American System
 Henry Clay

Government should build infrastructure
• bridges, roads, canals




Protective tariffs
Supported by many businessmen
Opponents did not want to pay taxes for
programs that did not directly benefit them
Few of his programs were passed in
Congress
Election of 1828
 John Quincy Adams and Andrew
Jackson again squared off
 Jackson had the support of Congress
and the new western states
 For the first time, there were over 1
million voters
 New states had entered, the
population grew, and property
requirements were dropped
“The Peoples’ President”
 Jackson capitalized on his war
record and his tough childhood
 By the time of the election, he was a
wealthy plantation owner
 He endured a scandal involving his
wife, Rachel
 She died immediately before he took
office
Andrew Jackson participated
in many duels. He was shot at
least twice as a result of
dueling. While President, one
of Jackson's strongest
supporters was Thomas
Benton, a United States
Senator who shot Jackson 20
years earlier.
“The Peoples’ President”
 After Jackson won in 1828, he
invited the common people to his
inauguration party!
“The Peoples’ President”
 Patronage – Spoils System

“To the victor goes the spoils”
 Jackson appointed his supporters to
positions of authority
 Good idea or a bad one?
King Andrew
 Jackson had long
advocated a limited
role for the national
government
 He vetoed more
legislation than the
previous 6 presidents
combined
Peggy Eaton Affair
 Previously married


Husband died in the navy – questions about
suicide
Rumor that she was having an affair with
John Eaton (Sec. of the War)
 Married Eaton after husband’s death
 V.P. Calhoun’s wife refused to socialize
with her
 Split sides Peggy’s supporters (Pres.
Jackson) and detractors (VP Calhoun)
Tariffs and Nullification
 1828 - Tariff of Abominations
 Passed during JQA’s presidency
 May have been passed by Jackson
supporters to embarrass JQA
 High, protective tariffs benefiting N.E.
 Hurt South – consumers and exporters
Tariffs and Nullification
(1832-1833)
 South Carolina Exposition and Protest
 states could nullify federal laws if they were
unconstitutional
 they could secede if they desired
 secretly written by V.P. Calhoun in 1828;
adopted by SC legislature in 1832
“The Toast”
 1830 – Tensions between Jackson and
Calhoun escalated
 Celebration of Jefferson’s Birthday,
Jackson gave a toast

“Our Union – it must be preserved”
 Taken as direct insult to Calhoun
Webster – Hayne Debate - 1830
 Started as a debate on selling western lands
 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts vs. Robert
Haynes of South Carolina
 Northerners wanted to keep cheap laborers
from moving West; Southerners wanted to
continue expanding West and form an
alliance with new Western states
 Debate continued about state vs. federal
control
Compromise Tariff of 1833




Proposed by Henry Clay
Reduced or eliminated tariffs
Accepted by Southerners
Ended tariff crisis but did not resolve the
issues of nullification or secession
C. Efforts to exploit the nation’s natural
resources led to government efforts to
promote free and forced migration of
various American peoples across the
continent, as well as to competing ideas
about defining and managing labor
systems, geographical boundaries, and
natural resources.
**Gold found in Georgia & North Carolina
resulted in the Trail of Tears
Force Act of 1833
Proposed by Jackson
 Passed the same day as the
Compromise Tariff
 Federal troops would be used to
enforce federal laws and collect
tariffs, if necessary
 South Carolina then nullified the
Force Act!

The Bank War
 Jackson vowed to destroy the 2nd
Bank of the USA
 Because it was 80% privately owned,
the bank could make decisions that
benefited one group over others
 In 1832, Nicholas Biddle requested
the bank’s charter be renewed (4
years early)
 Although it passed in Congress,
Jackson vetoed it
The Bank War
 Jackson then withdrew all of the
deposits of the United States
government and deposited them in
‘pet banks’
 The dissatisfied members of the
National Republican Party started the
Whigs
 In 1836, Jackson supported his V.P.,
Martin Van Buren
Specie Circular - 1836
 Executive order by Jackson
 Land speculation and paper money were
causing rampant inflation
 Public lands had to be purchased with
gold or silver
 Contributed to Panic of 1837
 Left mess to “Van Ruin” to deal with
The Indian Crisis
 Causes:



1829 gold was found in Georgia
more land was needed for cotton
“The only good Indian is a dead Indian”
 Only the 5 civilized tribes remained in
the Southeast
 The Cherokee had adopted the white
culture and were successful farmers,
lawyers, teachers, etc.
Indian Removal Act - 1830
 Land in Indian Territory was to be exchanged for the tribal lands
in the southeast
 Georgia enacted laws that allowed them to confiscate land
 Cherokee fought the removal in court

1831 – Cherokee Nation V. Georgia
• Court ruled that it did not have the authority to overturn Georgia’s laws
• Ruled that Cherokee were not a foreign power and had no standing in
court

1832 – Worchester v. Georgia (brought by Worchester, a non-indian)
• Court ruled that Cherokee were a separate, sovereign nation based on
treaties with USA
• Georgia was infringing on federal authority when they attempted to
confiscate Cherokee land

“John Marshall made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
The Indian Crisis
 1835 – Treaty of New Enchota

Small group of Indians signed treaty on behalf of all
of them and started to move west
 1838- US Army forcibly marched 15,000 to
Indian Territory
 The journey of 1000 miles took 116 days
 The ‘Trail of Tears’ ended with 25% of the
Indians dead from disease, exhaustion, and
cold
The Indian Uprisings
 Black Hawk War occurred in the
Illinois Territory in 1831
 The Fox & Sauk Indians were hunted
down and killed in Wisconsin
 The 2nd Seminole War lasted from
1835 to 1842
 In the end, only a few hundred
Seminole survived by hiding deep in
the Everglades
Election of 1840
 William Henry Harrison ran his
log-cabin campaign
 Died 1 month after taking office
 John Tyler became president but
was in conflict with Congress over
his role - Constitution was not
clear about the succession of
presidents
Key Concept 4.2
III. The economic changes caused by
the market revolution had
significant effects on migration
patterns, gender and family
relations, and the distribution of
political power.
A. With the opening of canals and new roads into
the western territories, native-born white
citizens relocated westward, relying on new
community systems to replace their old family
and local relationships.
B. Migrants from Europe increased the
population in the East and the Midwest,
forging strong bonds of interdependence
between the Northeast and the Old Northwest.
C. The South remained politically, culturally, and
ideologically distinct from the other sections,
while continuing to rely on its exports to
Europe for economic growth.
D. The market revolution helped to
widen a gap between rich and poor, shaped emerging
middle and working classes,
and caused an increasing separation between home
and workplace,
which led to dramatic transformations in gender and
in family roles and expectations.
E. Regional interests continued to trump
national concerns as the basis for many
political leaders’ positions on economic issues
including
slavery
the national bank
tariffs
internal improvements.
Required terms:
Cult of domesticity Lydia Maria Child Early labor unions
 What/Who
 What/Who
 What/Who
 Importance
 Importance
 Importance
The End !