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Section 1
Politics of the People
Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency
in 1828 brings a new era of popular
democracy.
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Politics of the People
The Election of 1824
• Democratic-Republican party has four
presidential candidates:
- John Quincy Adams has New England’s
support
- William Crawford has South’s support
- Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson both have
the West’s support
• Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get
majority of electoral votes
• House of Representatives chooses Adams John Quincy Adams, 6th U.S. president.
Portrait, George Peter Alexander Healy.
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Jacksonian Democracy
• Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been
stolen from him
• Aims to win next election, helps to split
Democratic-Republican party
• Split eventually creates 2 parties:
- Democrats grow out of Jackson’s supporters
- National Republicans grow from Adams’s
supporters
Continued . . .
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Continued
Jacksonian Democracy
• Jackson backs interests of common people,
supports majority rule
• Jacksonian democracy—political power for
all people, majority rule
• Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas
Jefferson’s presidency
• Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph
for common people
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The People’s President
• Andrew Jackson, first president not from
aristocratic background
• Grows up on frontier farm, fights in
Revolutionary War, taken prisoner
• After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of
1812
Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans
on January 8, 1815. Engraving (19th century).
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Jackson Takes Office
• Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel, dies soon
after he wins presidency
• Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on
wife’s reputation
• Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all
levels of society
• Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee
White House
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A New Political Era Begins
• Andrew Jackson replaces many government
officials with his supporters
• Giving government jobs to political backers—
spoils system
• Opponents charge that spoils system corrupts
• Jackson defends system, breaks up one
group’s hold on government
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Section 2
Jackson’s Policy Toward
Native Americans
During Jackson’s presidency, Native
Americans were forced to move west of the
Mississippi River.
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Jackson’s Policy Toward
Native Americans
Native Americans in the Southeast
• In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain
east
• Some whites hope Native Americans can
adapt to their way of life
• Others want Native Americans to move out
• Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw,
Choctaw, Creek, Seminole:
- called civilized because they have adopted
some white culture
• Tribes hold large areas of land
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The Cherokee Nation
• Cherokee adopt white customs more than any
other Southeastern tribe
• Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written
language
• Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing
system
• Draw up constitution based on U.S.
Constitution, found Cherokee Nation
• Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites
demand Cherokee move
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Jackson’s Removal Policy
• Andrew Jackson wants to move Native
Americans west of Mississippi
• As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes
treaties with southeast tribes
• As a result, U.S. government gains large
amounts of land
• Jackson believes Native Americans have one
of two choices:
- adopt white culture, become U.S. citizens
- move into Western territories
Continued . . .
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Continued
Jackson’s Removal Policy
• Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give
whites right to Cherokee land
• Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson
supports states
• Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830)
which:
- requires Native Americans to relocate west
• Policy forever changes relations between
whites, Native Americans
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The Trail of Tears
• Whites invade Native American homelands
• Many Native Americans feel they have no
choice but to sign treaties
• Treaties require tribes to move to Indian
Territory
• Indian Territory—what is now Oklahoma,
parts of Kansas, Nebraska
Interactive
Continued . . .
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Continued
The Trail of Tears
• Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to
Indian Territory
• Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme
Court, to protect land
• Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson
ignores it
• U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall,
winter of 1838–1839
• Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of
Cherokees die
• Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the
Trail of Tears
Cherokee people enduring the forced
migration and harsh journey known as the
Trail of Tears (1838–1839). Art, Robert
Lindneux.
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Native American Resistance
• Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his
family
• On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed
• Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other
Cherokees
• Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to
remain on their land
• Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot,
some Cherokee remain
Continued . . .
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Continued
Native American Resistance
• Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads
to Second Seminole War
• Seminole leader Osceola, followers use
surprise attacks on U.S. army
• Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison
• Some Seminole continue to fight in the
Everglades, others move west
• Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back
to their lands in Illinois
• During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush
Black Hawk’s uprising
Osceola, Seminole leader.
Lithograph (1842).
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Section 3
Conflicts over States’
Rights
Jackson struggles to keep Southern states
from breaking away from the Union over the
issue of tariffs.
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Conflicts over States’
Rights
Rising Sectional Differences
• In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among
its three main sections:
- the Northeast
- the South
- the West
• Northeasterners do not want public land in
West sold at low prices
• Cheap land attracts workers needed in
Northeast factories
• Westerners want cheap land in the West to
attract settlers
Continued . . .
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Continued
Rising Sectional Differences
• Northeast, West back internal improvement
such as roads, canals
• Aids transportation of food, raw materials,
manufactured goods
• South opposes internal improvement funded
by tariffs on imports
• South opposes tariffs, economy depends on
foreign trade
• Northeast supports tariffs, encourages
purchase of domestic products
Erie Canal construction at Lockport, New
York, in 1825. Lithograph (1825).
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Tariff of Abominations
• At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency,
Congress passes tariff bill
• Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials,
manufactured goods
• Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff
of Abominations
• Southerners claim Northeast interests control
government policies
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Crisis over Nullification
• Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates
doctrine of nullification:
- state has right to reject federal law it
considers unconstitutional
- any state can nullify (reject) a federal law
within its borders
- Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring
one area of nation
• Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to
nullify the tariff
• Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South
Carolina from leaving the Union
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The States’ Right Debate
• Senate debates doctrine of nullification,
Webster-Hayne debate (1830)
• Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina,
supports nullification:
- gives states a lawful way to defend their
freedom
• Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts,
opposes nullification:
- the people not the states make the Union
• President Andrew Jackson opposes
nullification
Daniel Webster, American lawyer
and statesman. Portrait (19th
century).
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South Carolina Threatens to Secede
• Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners
not satisfied
• South Carolina threatens secession—
withdrawal from the Union
• Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal
laws
• Congress passes compromise tariff (1833),
South Carolina stays in Union
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Section 4
Prosperity and Panic
Jackson’s policies caused the economy to
collapse after he left office and affected the
next election.
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Prosperity and Panic
Mr. Biddle’s Bank
• The Second Bank of the United States, most
powerful bank in country
• Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle,
controls nation’s money
• Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much
power, favors the wealthy
• In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the
bank’s charter
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Jackson’s War on the Bank
• Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of bank’s
charter
• Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly
that favors the few
• In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy
the bank
• Has government funds deposited in state
banks
• Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people
to borrow money
• Bank goes out of business, economy suffers
Political cartoon of President Jackson
fighting a many-headed monster—the
Second Bank of the United States and its
branches—with a cane labeled "VETO."
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Prosperity Becomes Panic
• People take out loans, banks issue too much
paper money
• Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise
• Causes inflation—an increase in prices and
decrease in money value
• Jackson leaves office, nation has a false
prosperity
Continued . . .
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Continued Prosperity
Becomes Panic
• Next president, Martin Van Buren, takes
office, economic panic spreads
• Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837
• People demand gold, silver in exchange for
paper money, banks run out
• Banks default, severe economic slump, or
depression, follows
• 90 percent of factories in East close, people go
hungry
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The Rise of the Whig Party
• Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want
government to help economy
• Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will
improve if left alone
• At next election, Van Buren faces new political
party, the Whig Party
• Whigs oppose concentration of power in the
president
• Choose William Henry Harrison to run for
president
• Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president
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The Election of 1840
• William Henry Harrison appeals to common
people, wins 1840 election
• Dies one month after being inaugurated
• First president to die in office
• Vice-president John Tyler becomes president
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