Transcript Slide 1

Fatigue Management Practices
in Business Aviation
Kevin Gregory
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
The Flight Plan
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Fatigue is a safety issue
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Fatigue in business aviation
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Managing fatigue
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Fatigue management: case study
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Fatigue management practices
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Got Fatigue?
Fatigue is “an unsafe condition that can occur
relative to the timing and duration of work
and sleep opportunities”
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
(Institute of Medicine, 2009)
The Fatigue Issue
Operational Factors
• Time zones
• Length of duty periods
• Early report times
• Backside-of-the-clock
• Changing demands
• Workload
• Reduced rest
• Layover hotels
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Physiological Factors
• Acute sleep loss
• Sleep debt
• Circadian disruption
• Hours awake
Fatigue: A Performance Issue
ALERT
Memory
Reaction
time
Judgment/
decisionmaking
Vigilance
Mood
Communication
ASLEEP
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue in Business Aviation
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NASA Fatigue Countermeasures Program
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Survey of almost 1500 biz av pilots
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61% common occurrence
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85% moderate to serious safety issue
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71% “nodded off” during flight
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13% unable to fly scheduled trip
due to fatigue
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79% received no formal company
training that addressed fatigue issues
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Rosekind, MR, Co, EL, Gregory, KB & Miller, DL. Crew Factors in Flight Operations XIII: A Survey of
Fatigue Factors in Corporate/Executive Aviation Operations, NASA/TM–2000-209610
Fatigue in Business Aviation
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Owatonna, MN: Hawker Beechcraft, 2008
– Factors: sleep loss, early start, insomnia
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Birmingham, UK: Challenger, 2002
– Factors: sleep loss, circadian disruption
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Hawaii: Rockwell Sabreliner, 2000
– Factors: long duty, multiple time zones, night ops
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management
Shared
Responsibilities
Reporting & Monitoring
Tactical Fatigue Tools
Mitigation Strategies
Education/training
Science-based
Policies/Practices
(duty/rest)
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
FRMS: Fatigue Risk
Management
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Proposed as alternative means of managing
fatigue in operations
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Science-based
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Data-driven
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Integrated into existing organizational
safety and health processes
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Continuously improves: feedback,
evaluation and modification
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case
Study
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NY-based biz av operations
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Rotor, business jet
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Long, daytime operations (early AM reports)
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Backside-of-clock operations
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Some long-range ops
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case
Study
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Objectives:
– Better understand fatigue risks in operations
– Better manage identified fatigue risks
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Science-based approach:
– Data-driven
– Objective/subjective data collection during ops
(focus on sleep and performance)
– Policies and practices review
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
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Objective and subjective data collection
– Quantify sleep and performance associated
with operations
– Include days on and off duty
– Phase I: daytime ops/rotor wing (9 pilots)
– Phase II: backside-of-clock ops/fixed-wing
(7 crew members)
– Identify fatigue risks; develop mitigation approaches
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Actiwatch
Daily log
PVT
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
• October-November 2011
- Data collected up to 23 days
- Goal: 7-8 flight duty periods (FDP) per pilot
(total of 28 FDP)
- Overall compliance high
• General information
- Age ~50 yr; 27 yr flight experience
- Fatigue ‘moderately’ an issue during typical duty day
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
• Flight Duty Periods
- Average of 12.6 hr (range = 3.5 - 17.5 hr)
- Average ~7.9 flight segments per FDP
- Flight segments: 15 min avg (max = 1.6 hr)
- Break time on ground: 1.8 hr or more
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
Local Time:
0600
1200
1800
D1
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BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Sleep/nap periods
Flight Duty
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Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
Sleep/Rest
Duty
Duty
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
# of sleeps
Sleep
Latency
(min)
Total
Sleep (hr)
Sleep
Efficiency
Prior to FDP
55
12.2
5.1
79.5%
After FDP
47
12.1
6.4
78.3%
All days off
67
13.0
6.2
78.1%
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
• FDP: >12 hr, ~8 flight segments
• Mid-day break (2/3 had rest opportunity)
• Some successive duty days
• Sleep: 6.2 hr for days off
• Sleep: 5.1 hr when prior to FDP
- early 5 AM wake time
- evening ‘wake zone’
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase I: Rotary
• Sleep debt across duty weeks
- during 2 FDP week: >2 hr
- during 3 FDP week: >5 hr
• Performance
- consistent levels overall
- maintained across FDP
- individual variability
• Strategies used
- Caffeine (mostly coffee)
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase II: Fixed-Wing
• February-April 2012
- Data collected for a period of 9-15 days
- Days on & off duty: pre/duty/post
- Collected: 32 FDP’s
• FDP info
- FDP: 9 hr avg (range = 3-18 hr)
- 48 flight segments
- Flight segments: 84 min avg (range = 20 min to 4.2 hr)
- Ground transport time associated with FDP
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase II: Fixed-Wing
Time:
0600
1200
1800
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
Sleep/nap periods
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Flight Duty
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Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase II: Fixed-Wing
# of sleeps
Sleep
Latency
(min)
Total
Sleep (hr)
Sleep
Efficiency
Pre-trip
11
12.8
6.1
84.3%
Flight duty
16
13.8
4.9
83.6%
Other/Away
5
13.4
6.4
81.2%
Post-trip/Off
16
9.8
6.8
85.4%
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase II: Fixed-Wing
• Daily sleep
- Average ~5.8 hr during trip period
- 7 nap periods documented: Average ~90 min
• Cumulative sleep debt
- Avg ~9 hr by trip end (max = 12.5 hr)
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase II: Fixed-Wing
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Measuring Sleep/Performance in BizAv Ops
Phase II: Fixed-Wing
• FDP: 9 hr
• 6.8 hr for post/days off
• Sleep: 4.9 hr during trip
- morning ‘wake zone’
• Sleep debt builds up across trips
• Performance: consistency maintained
• Strategies used
- Caffeine and exercise
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Policies and Practices Review
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Flight ops and helicopter ops manuals
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Flight, duty and rest scheduling
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Education and training
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Fatigue mitigation strategies
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Healthy sleep
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Other
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Policies and Practices Review
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Duty, flight and rest policies consistent with
recommended guidelines
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Break/rest provision within max/extended duty
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Limitations on reduced rest periods
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Recovery rest following extended trip periods
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Call-in fatigue policy
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Risk assessment tool with fatigue factors
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case
Study
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Daytime/rotor ops
- Alternating FDP days allow for ‘recovery’ sleep opportunities
- Mid-day break period
- Strategies used
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Backside-of-clock/fixed wing ops
- Blocks of days off prior to/following trip periods
- Afternoon nap opportunities
- Strategies used
- Duty periods <10 hr
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case
Study
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Include fatigue education and training in initial
and recurrent training efforts
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Compensatory rest period for maintenance
following extended duty
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Limits on consecutive duty days
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‘Fit-for-duty’ policy
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Expansion of fatigue factors in risk assessment
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management: Case Study
Implementation
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Education/training implemented with subset of pilots
– Baseline knowledge level = 66%; post-training = 89%
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Timing of tasks to facilitate sleep opportunities
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Consecutive day provisions
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Raised awareness/better rest management
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management in BizAv Ops
Other Considerations
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Cultural change
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All aspects of operation
(maintenance, dispatch, etc.)
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Ultra-long range
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Ongoing monitoring
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Best practices
BASS 2013: Fatigue Management
Thank you!
Kevin Gregory
[email protected]
www.alertsol.com