Transcript Politicas de Formacion en Psicologica: Una Vision desde el

Politicas de Formacion en
Psicologica: Una Vision desde
el American Psychological
Asssociation
Universidad de los Andes, Agosto 26, 2004
Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 USA
910.962.3812
[email protected]
Introductory Remarks
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English Power-point; Spanish Narrative
Thank You and Congratulations
Post-presentation Communication & Information
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www.uncw.edu/puente/people
www.clinicalneuropsychology.us
[email protected]
Dedication
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To Krista Puente (my oldest child)
On her birthday and first day of graduate school in
Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of Technology)
Background
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Heritage
Education
Academic & Clinical Interests
Experience within APA (examples)
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Task Force on Psychopharmacology (member)
Committee for Undergraduate Education (chair)
Committee for Continuing Education (chair)
Policy and Planning Board (two terms)
Division of Clinical Neuropsychology (president)
Outline
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Brief History of Psychology in the United States
(with a Focus on APA)
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Panorama of the American Psychological
Association
Current Pedagogy in American Psychology
Challenges to Pedagogy in American Psychology
Current Issues in the Pedagogy and Formation
of Psychologists
Brief History of American
Psychology
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Beginnings
Academic Psychology
Clinical Psychology
History: The Beginnings
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The Wundt Effect
Ivy League & Northern Universities
The Initial Academic Role of Psychology
American Psychological Association
History: Academic Psychology
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Science
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Psychological Review
1894
(purchase)
First Laboratory
1885
Harvard
Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa,
Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc.
Pedagogy
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First
First
First
First
Undergrad. Course
Graduate Course
PhD Granted
Textbook
1840
1847
1861
1890
Marshall
Yale
Yale
James
History: clinical Psychology
(i.e., Health Providers)
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WW II and the VA System (1945-1960)
Licensing Laws (1960-1980)
Third Party/Insurance Reimbursement
(1970-1990)
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Medicare/Medicaid Programs (1990-present)
Proliferation of Specialties in Psychology
(2000-present)
Panorama of the American
Psychological Association
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The Beginning
Current Membership Analyses
Recent Trends in Membership
Panorama of APA: The Beginning
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Model (American Physiological Society)
Preliminary Meeting
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July, 8, 1892
Worcester, Mass. (Clark University)
26 (attendance) + 2 (no invitation) + 3 (new PhDs)
Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists…
First Formal Meeting
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December, 1898
University of Pennsylvania (2nd meeting @ Columbia)
18 Attended and Presented Papers
Hall Elected President
Panorama of APA: Membership
(2002 Date: APA Research Office)
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Total
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Gender
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92,928 (minus students)
2% Hispanic
Male
Female
Age
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Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Over 70
48.6%
50.9%
30
40
50
60
70
2%
14%
22%
32%
12%
10%
Panorama of APA: Membership
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Health Provider
69.8%
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Research
19.7%
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Other
10.5%
Panorama of APA: Membership
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Health Provider
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Clinical
Counseling
School
Child Clinical
Health
Research
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Industrial/Org.
Developmental 3%
Social
Educational
Experimental
50%
11%
4%
3%
2%
5%
3%
2%
2%
Panorama of APA: New Members
(last 7 years)
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Degree
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Ph.D.
Psy.D.
Ed.D.
74.7%
17.1%
2.8%
(mean = 7 yrs.)
(mean = 4 yrs.)
Panorama of APA: New Members
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Clinical
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Clinical
Counseling
School
Health
Total
46%
10%
4%
3%
68%
Panorama of APA: New Members
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Academic
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Industrial/Organizational
Developmental
Educational
Cognitive
Total
6%
4%
3%
2%
23%
Relationship to Related Disciplines
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Academic
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Medicine
Neuroscience
Clinical
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Psychiatry
Social Work
Related Health Professionals
Social Security 1989’s Definition of a Physician
 Affiliation with Non-Doctorate Level Providers
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Current Pedagogy in American
Psychology
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The
The
The
The
Undergraduate Experience
Graduate Experience
Post-doctorate Experience
Continuing Education Experience
The Undergraduate Experience
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General Studies
Electives
Psychology Major
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APA CUE Review (1985)
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Liberal Arts
Experimental/Methodology
Typical Major Requirements
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Introduction/General
Statistics
Experimental
Menu
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Applied
Research
The Graduate Experience
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Masters
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State & Federal Guidelines
Council of Masters’ Program
Health Provider vs Research
2-3 years (6 month internship if Health Provider)
Doctorate
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State & Federal Guidelines
Health Provider vs. Research
The Graduate Experience: Academic
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Focus on Research
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Limited Focus on Teaching
2004, ToP)
(e.g. Epting, et al
The Graduate Experience (cont.)
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Health Provider
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APA Accreditation Program (program & internships)
Ph.D. vs. Psy.D.
Course Work
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Masters
Doctorate
Comprehensive Examination
Research
Internship
The Postgraduate Experience
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Research
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1-5 years
Health Provider
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1-3 years
Requirement for State Licensure
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Model Licensure
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Doctorate from an accredited program
Two years supervised clinical training
State x State Requirements vary considerably
The Continuing Education
Experience
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Academic Leaves
Licensing Requirements (APA Model)
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Reading
Workshops
Formal, extended training
Peer Review
Challenges to Pedagogy in
American Psychology
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The
The
The
The
Undergraduate Experience
Graduate Experience
Post-doctorate Experience
Continuing Education Experience
Challenges: Undergraduate
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Pre-College Exposure
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Popularity
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Advanced Placement Course (ETS)
Varieties of Experiences (APA)
Single Largest Undergraduate Major in US
1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr.
Pre-Professional vs. Liberal Arts
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CUE/APA Statement on Liberal Arts
Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities with
Bachelors Degrees
Challenges: Graduate
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Overall
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Academic
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Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc)
Costs (over $20,000 per year on average)
Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%)
Declining Interest (versus health provider training)
Variability of Education & Training
Health Provider
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Proliferation of Free-Standing PsyD Program
Specialization as a Post-doctoral Experience
Challenges: Graduate (cont.)
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Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Epting,
et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology)
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Humor
Speaking Style
Syllabus
Lectures
Feedback
Discussion
Activities/Demonstrations
Challenges: Post-Graduate
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Academic
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Length (Post-doctoral Careers)
Preparation for Academic Opportunities
Limited Focus & Training on Teaching
Health Provider
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Matching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of Opportunities
Practice Standards vs. Guidelines
National College of Professional Psychology
APA Specialties
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Clinical Neuropsychology
Clinical Psychology
Counseling
Family
Industrial
School
Health
Challenges: Continuing Education
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Half-Life of Information
Retooling to Meet Marketplace and
Personal Interests Shifts
CE Requirement for Continued Licensure
Current Issues in American
Psychology
(APA Survey, 2002)
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Marketplace
Public Perception
Expanding Paradigms
Current Issues: Marketplace
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Academic Paradigms
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Feminization of Psychology
Retirement of Faculty
Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven)
Health Provider Paradigms
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Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s)
Neurological (decade of the brain)
Health/Medical (2000-present)
Forensics/Legal (2000-present)
Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing)
Current Issues:
Perception of Psychology
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APA Survey
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Misperception of;
Our Education
 Science Base
 Difference with Psychiatry
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Ronald Levant’s (APA President) Initiative
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“to make psychology a household word”
Current Issues: Expanding Paradigms
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Academic
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Health Provider
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From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics > Beyond
Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique)
The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA)
Interface of Academic and Health Provider
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Supporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of Psychology
Evolving into New Areas (e.g., Evolutionary Psychology)
Psychology Cannot Exist Without Both, Interacting
We are the Only Profession that Teaches Undergraduates
Public Policy
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Economics Drive a Discipline
Advocacy Through Legislation
The Future?
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Change…lots of change