Transcript Socio-emotional Development

Socio-emotional
Development
Play
Temperament
Attachment-Harlow this
American Life
Attachment
• What is it?
– A reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant
and a caregiver, each contributing to the quality of the
relationship.
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Early Work in Bonding and Attachment
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Spitz (1945)- importance of early interaction with
adults
– Institutionalized infants•
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Okay for first 3-6 months
After 6 months, showed a “failure to thrive”
Longer stay= worse outcome
> 4 years, very few were able to overcome problems
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Early Work in Bonding and Attachment
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Harlow (1959)- Questioned the importance of
contact comfort
– first 6 months raised in isolation
– Contact comfort vs feeding
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wire “mother” for feeding and another cloth covered
“mother”
preferred cloth one, even if food came from wire one
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Early Work in Bonding and Attachment
• Bowlby (1969)- Bonding. Developed “attachment
theory”
– “Ethological Theory” based on evolutionary theoryLorenz
– instinctual responses that are important for protection
and survival of the species
– Infant is only capable of bonding with one caregiver
– Stages of separation
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Mary Ainsworth (1964-present)
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Caregiving hypothesis- Attachment quality
depends on the quality of the attention the infant
receives.
Stranger Anxiety- Begins w/ first Attach. peaks @
8-10 mo
Separation Anxiety- Begins ~ 6-8 mo, peaks 1418 mo, 7-8 years old?
Secure Base Phenomenon and social
referencing
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The strange situation
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Used to establish whether infant views the caregiver as
a secure base- Sequence of 8 intervals, take approx 3
min. each
Most important measure from this scenario?
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Child’s response upon mother’s return
Testing infant’s stranger and separation anxiety, as well as the
secure base phenomenon
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Types of Attachment
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Securely Attached (65-70%)- Type B
– Explores the environment
– Uses caregiver as a secure base
– May be upset- caregiver left, but easily soothed upon
return
– Greets caregiver warmly and goes on with play
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Types of Attachment
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Insecure, anxious/resistant (10-15%)- Type C
– Stays close to caregiver
– Explores very little
– very distressed when caregiver leaves, angry &
resistant upon caregiver’s return
– May be difficult to console
– Wary of strangers
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Types of Attachment
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Insecure, anxious/avoidant (15%)- Type A
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Little distress with the leaving or returning of the caregiver
Ignores caregiver even when eliciting attention
May or may not be sociable with strangers
Disorganized (15%)- Type D
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Not sure how to respond to caregiver
May freeze when reunited
May approach but then refuse contact
Seeks comfort but expresses anger and refuses comfort offered
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Possible Influential Factors
• Parental sensitivity
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Responsivity
Resistant- inconsistent
Avoidant- unavailable
Disorganized- abusive
• Temperament
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Stages of Attachment
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Asocial (birth-~6 weeks)- “Pre-attachment”- Can elicit
social response with many types of interactions @ 6
weeks, begin to show preference for smiling faces
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Indiscriminate (6 wks- 6 or 8 months)- “Attachment in the
making”
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Prefer humans to dolls or toys
Don’t seem to distinguish one familiar person from another, but
respond to familiar vs. strange differently
Enjoy attention from many different people
But… behavior shows otherwise
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Stages of Attachment
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Specific (@ 6-8 months to 1.5 yrs-2 yrs)
– Show clear preference for one primary caregiver
(usually mom)
– Beginnings of stranger anxiety
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Initial wariness of unfamiliar person
– Shows separation anxiety
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Protests at being separated from a particular person
– Uses parent as secure base from which to explore
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Stages of Attachment
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Multiple (begins just after primary specific
attachment is formed, virtually all children have
multiple by 18 mo) also, “formation of a
reciprocal relationship”
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Can form attachments with multiple others
Fathers, siblings, daycare providers, etc
Separation anxiety decreases
Can now understand factors causing separation and
develops expectations about the reunion
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Home visits
You have been asked to conduct home visits for
infants and toddlers who may be at-risk for
insecure attachment. What clues would you look
for to discern between avoidant, resistant, and
disorganized attachment? What caregiving
behaviors might signal a threat to attachment
security? Infant characteristics? What questions
would you ask to help in your investigation?
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