Transcript The United Nations’ MDG Strategy

UNDP RBA Workshop on
MDG-Based
National Development Strategies
Module 3:
Rural Development Investment Needs
to Achieve the MDGs
February 27-March 3, 2006
Introduction
The rural development investment cluster includes
interventions to:
 increase food production
 increase incomes
 ensure access to basic infrastructure services
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Key Interventions
1. Agricultural Productivity
2. Rural Income Generation
3. Transport
4. Energy
5. Water Supply and Sanitation
6. Water Resources Infrastructure and
Management
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Soil Fertility Depletion
132 million tons of N,
15 million tons of P,
90 million tons of K
(worth $11
billion/year) was
lost from cultivated
land in 37 African
countries during the
last 30 years
Smaling, 1993
Sanchez, 2002
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The Problem: Falling per capita Food
Availability in Sub-Saharan Africa
FAO Index of Net Food Output per Capita, 1961-2000
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
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80
World
E SE Asia
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South Asia
Sub-Sahara
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The Yield Gap: Raising Agricultural
Productivity is Possible
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Grain yield (t ha )
Reported grain yield levels in Sub-Saharan Africa
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7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
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3.5
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2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Zambia
Tanzania
Kenya
Uganda
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Niger
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Observed
On-farm
Official
On-farm
On-station
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Commercial
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Agricultural Productivity Choose Interventions



Focus on food-insecure farmers
Interventions aimed at raising food productivity to increase
household consumption and generate marketable surplus
Interventions cover:
 Investments to increase soil health (e.g., fertilizers,
agroforestry)
 Provision of improved seeds and planting material
 Investments in small scale on-farm water management for
agriculture (e.g. water harvesting, conservation, irrigation
technology)
 Agriculture and irrigation extension services with a special focus
on reaching women farmers
 Research in agriculture
 Develop agriculture support systems (early warning systems)
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Interventions to Improve
Nutritional Outcomes
Direct nutritional interventions to pregnant women
and lactating mothers
Encourage complementary feeding for infants
School meals sourced through local production
Reduce under-nutrition among children under 5
years
Reduce vitamin and mineral deficiencies targeted at
vulnerable groups, through micronutrient
supplementation when needed
Emergency relief (early warning systems, safety
nets, direct food aid)
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Rural Income Generation Choose Interventions

Help the poor connect with markets
–
–
–
–

Farmers associations
Community and market centers
Improving transportation systems
Training and skills development
Value-addition/agro-based processing activities
– Quality financial services including microfinance
– Storage facilities to reduce post harvest losses
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Agricultural Productivity and Rural Income
Generation - Define Targets
Agricultural productivity
 Taking 1990 as the baseline year, enable at least half of the
food-insecure subsistence farm households to grow enough
food to feed themselves by 2015
Rural income generation
 Taking 1990 as the baseline year, provide at least half the
food-insecure households in rural areas with access to food
storage facilities, quality financial services, value added food
processing services, and marketing organizations (such as
cooperatives) by 2015.
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Estimate Resource Needs
Country demographic data
Target coverage rates
Target
Population
TOTAL
NEEDS
Cost, HR, infrastructure
components for key
interventions
Needs
per beneficiary
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Key Interventions
1. Agricultural Productivity
2. Rural Income Generation
3. Transport
4. Energy
5. Water Supply and Sanitation
6. Water Resources Infrastructure and
Management
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The Case for Transport Infrastructure
and Services as Part of an MDG strategy

Transport is not mentioned in the MDGs,
but improved transport services (incl.
roads, railways, and ports) are critical to:
– Lower cost of national and international trade
– Reduce cost of agricultural inputs and raise
farmgate prices for produce
– Improve prospects for non-farm rural
employment
– Improve access to social services (in
particular emergency obstetric care to reduce
MMR)
– Reduce time poverty – particularly of women
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Transport Choose Interventions

Transport systems for health and other essential
social services and infrastructure maintenance

Upgrading and construction of footpaths, paved
secondary or district roads as well as small paved
feeder and community roads.

Institutional structure and funding arrangements for
adequate road maintenance (such as dedicated road
funds).
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Transport Possible Targets
 By 2015 establish national systems for
providing and maintaining motorbikes or
other vehicles in support of healthcare,
agricultural extension, maintenance of
infrastructure, etc.
 Ensure that 90 percent of the rural population
is within 2km of the nearest motorized pickup point by 2015.
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Transport Needs Assessment
Elements of a roads needs assessment:
Transport services
• cost of setting up and operating an integrated
fleet of vehicles to provide key social services
and infrastructure maintenance
• see Riders for Health costing model
(www.riders.org)
Transport infrastructure
• carry out an inventory of existing road stock
to ascertain the need for rehabilitation and
regular maintenance
• estimate additional roads needed to meet the
access targets
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Key Interventions
1. Agricultural Productivity
2. Rural Income Generation
3. Transport
4. Energy
5. Water Supply and Sanitation
6. Water Resources Infrastructure and
Management
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The Case for Energy Infrastructure and
Services as Part of an MDG Strategy
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
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


Lower indoor air pollution (e.g. to reduce U5MR)
Improve provision of social services (e.g.
lighting in schools, refrigeration in health
centers)
Increase agricultural productivity (e.g. through
groundwater pumps)
Reduce women’s time poverty (e.g. to halve
poverty and achieve gender equity goal)
Make energy available for manufacturing
industries and other productive uses (e.g. to
halve poverty)
Halt deforestation and other land degradation
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Energy Services for the MDGs

Cooking with modern fuels and
improved stoves

Electricity

Motive power/energy to be generated
by simple means, water pumping, etc
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Energy
Choose “MDG-Compatible” Interventions

Efficient cooking stoves, modern fuels & improved
ventilation

Increase sustainable biomass production (e.g.
agroforestry, woodlots or community forestry, area
closures, etc.)

Off-grid electricity together with necessary wiring to
schools and health facilities complemented with
battery charging stations

Rehabilitation and extension of the electric power
grid/connection

Motive power infrastructure and fuels/diesel
generator
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Energy
Possible Rural Targets

Enable the use of modern fuels and devices for
50% of those who at present use traditional
biomass for cooking

Support x% of the population in adopting improved
cook-stoves and measures to reduce the adverse
health impacts from cooking with biomass

Ensure by 2008 that all schools and health facilities
have access to electricity

Provide access to modern energy services at the
community level for all rural communities (in the
form of electricity and mechanical power)
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Energy Needs Assessment
Population & Infrastructure Data
• # of HH
• # of communities
• km of LV/MV/HV line
Coverage Targets (Access )
x
•Modern fuels for 50% of those who currently use biomass
•Electricity for urban and peri-urban areas
•Electricity and motive power for rural communities
Covered Population
Input Ratios:
• kg fuel per hh
• kWh of electricity per hh/yr
&
Cost Data
• Cooking: Cookstoves and fuel
• Electricity: ($ per km line; connection cost; $/kWh)
Total Costs
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Key Interventions
1. Agricultural Productivity
2. Rural Income Generation
3. Transport
4. Energy
5. Water Supply and Sanitation
6. Water Resources Infrastructure and
Management
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Water Supply and Sanitation (Rural) Choose Interventions

Provision and operation of infrastructure for domestic
water supply

Construction and operation of sanitation facilities
including drainage systems and facilities for disposal of
sullage and wastewater

Hygiene education

Provision and operation of infrastructure for water
supply and sanitation for schools and health facilities.
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Water Supply and Sanitation (Rural) Define Targets
MDG Target 10
Taking 1990 as the baseline year:
 Halve the proportion of people in rural areas without
sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015
 Halve the proportion of people in rural areas without
sustainable access to basic sanitation by 2015, aiming
for each target village to achieve full sanitation
coverage and to end the practice of open defecation
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Water Supply and Sanitation (Rural):
Estimating Needs - Key Points
 Define technology mix to be used each year (e.g.,
boreholes vs. rainwater collection, latrines vs. septic
tanks)
 Include rehabilitation of existing but defective
infrastructure
 Include full operation and maintenance costs
 Millennium Project Needs assessment Tool is available
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Key Interventions
1. Agricultural Productivity
2. Rural Income Generation
3. Transport
4. Energy
5. Water Supply and Sanitation
6. Water Resources Infrastructure and
Management
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Case for Water Resources Management and
Infrastructure for the MDGs


IWRM needed to manage increasingly scarce water
resources effectively (National  Regional Local)
Water storage is required to
– Mitigate impact of run-off variability to ensure perennial
water supply
– Increase hydropower potential
– Flood protection

No country has generated sustained economic growth
without large-scale investments in water storage

Irrigation infrastructure required to
– Increase yields and strengthen potential for cash crops
– Mitigate impact of inter and intra seasonal precipitation
variability
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Water Resources Infrastructure &
Management - Interventions

Provision and maintenance of water storage and other
infrastructure for water management (such as watershed
management and water conservation, early warning systems,
ground and surface storage systems, etc.)

Plans, systems and institutions for integrated water resources
management, as appropriate

Hydrological monitoring

Measures to address the social and environmental issues
associated with large-scale water management infrastructure
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Thinking About Country Needs
 Are there costed sectoral strategies?
 How can sectoral NA work be integrated into national
planning processes?
 Who are the key stakeholders to be engaged to:
 identify interventions,
 set targets,
 provide data
 agree on unit costs, with review by technical
experts
 How can targets and interventions be monitored and
evaluated periodically?
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