Transcript Document

Racing Engine Technology
&
Ethanol as a Performance
Racing Fuel
Robert L. Colesworthy
12/3/07
Advanced Engineering &
Technology Conference
Racing Engine Technology

Speaker, Robert L. Colesworthy

Does rod length really affect engine torque?
Are aluminum blocks better than cast iron?
Are aluminum heads better than cast iron?
Are gear camshaft drives better than chain
or belt drives?
Is fuel injection better than carburetion?
What makes horsepower?
Where to spend your money



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
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800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com
Does rod length really affect engine torque?
PistonDepthvsCrankshaft Rotation
4" Stroke
4.50000
4.00000
3.50000
2.50000
6.135Rod
6.385Rod
2.00000
6.535Rod
1.50000
1.00000
0.50000
0.00000
1
7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
103
109
115
121
127
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
175
181
PistonDepth
3.00000
RotationAngle
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Are aluminum blocks better than cast iron?
Positives:
 Weight
 Repairablity
 Heat dissipation
Dart “Big M” ferrous block
Negatives:
 Expansion rate differentials
 Lower strength
 Cylinder sleeves
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Are aluminum heads better than cast iron?
Positives:
 Weight
 Ease of porting
 Repairablity
Reher-Morrison “Raptor” BBC Head
Negatives:
 Expansion rate differentials
 Lower strength
 Heat dissipation
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Are gear camshaft drives better than chain
or belt drives?
Positives:
 Durability
Negatives:
 Power loss
 Noise
 Time consuming
to change timing
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Is fuel injection better than carburetion?
Fuel Injection Advantages:
 Fuel Mileage
 Lower Emissions
 Cold Startup/Driveablity
Carburetor Advantages:
 More Horsepower (nat. asp.)
 Lower Cost
 Easier to Adjust & Service
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What Makes Horsepower?
Formula:
 HP=Torque x RPM’s/5252
Increasing Torque:
 Increase Engine Displacement
 Increase Cylinder Pressures
 Reduce Parasitic Losses
Increasing RPM’s:
 Speed Costs Money! $$$
 Component Selection/Matching
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Where to Spend Your Money
Buy:
 Quality matched components
 Great cylinder heads
 Titanium valves
 Stiff valve springs
Avoid:
 Titanium Rods
 Extrusion Hone or “Home Porting”
of heads & manifolds
 “Bigger is Better” syndrome
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Cool New Stuff!
Oval Port`“Raptor”
Heads
“Beehive” Valve
Springs
Heart-Shaped
Combustion Chamber
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Ethanol as a Racing Fuel

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Winning on Ethanol - Why it works
and what is driving racing to go to it
Different blends, availability, and how
E85 will fit the future
Application specifics, a review of
compatibility of parts, corrosion, etc.
How to optimize for effective use of
ethanol as a performance fuel
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Winning on Ethanol - What is
Driving Racing to Go to It?


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Environmentally-friendly fuel
Favorable political climate
Safety
Low cost and increasing
availability
Power-making potential
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“Ethanol Blends Significantly Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions” Argonne National Labs.
0%
-2%
-2%
-6%
-20%
-17%
-23%
-40%
-60%
-64%
-80%
E10 GV: DM
Corn EtOH
E10 GV: WM E10 GV: Cell. E85 FFV: DM E85 FFV: WM
Corn EtOH
EtOH
Corn EtOH
Corn EtOH
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E85 FFV:
Cell. EtOH
Michael Wang – Argonne National Laboratory, Aug. 2005
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Power Making Fuel
Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
Octane Rating
Burning Rate
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Energy Value
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1. Octane


Measures fuel’s resistance to preignition and detonation, commonly
called “knocking”
Three common octane ratings for
motor fuels:
Research Octane Number (RON)
 Motor Octane Number (MON)
 (R+M/2) method

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1. Octane


MON rating is most useful to racers
because it is measured under high
loads and at high RPM’s
High MON rated fuels allow the use of
higher compression and advanced
spark timing
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1. Octane

E85 delivers MON octane ratings
equal to, or better than, most
gasolines
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2. Burning Rate


The speed at which fuel burns and
releases its heat energy
There is less time for fuel to burn at
high RPM’s, so rapid burning fuel is a
must in racing
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2. Burning Rate

Peak horsepower and engine efficiency
are realized if fuel is almost completely
burned by 20 degrees after Top Dead
Center (TDC)
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3. Latent Heat of Vaporization



Measures a fuel’s ability to cool the
intake charge and combustion chamber
Measured in BTU’s per gallon
Higher rated fuels remove heat better
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3. Latent Heat of Vaporization
E85 promotes better cooling:
 Making the intake charge more dense,
thereby packing more energy (per
volume) into the engine
 Helping to control detonation
 Reducing temperatures in the engine
and oiling system components
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4. Energy Value


The total heat energy contained in a
given amount of fuel – BTUs/lb.
Horsepower generation depends on
“Net Energy Value” - Equal to the
energy value multiplied by the amount
of fuel that can be burned
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4. Energy Value


A fuel’s “stoichiometric” defines its ideal
air/fuel ratio
Lower stoichiometric fuels allow more
fuel to be burned which, in turn,
increases the Net Energy Value of the
fuel
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4. Energy Value

The lower stoichiometric of E85
provides the fuel with a higher Net
Energy Value than most gasolines
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Fuel Comparison Chart
Fuel
Octane
(MON)
Burning Rate
(ms@stoic.)
Latent Heat
(BTU/gal)
Energy
Value
BTU/lbs
Power
Stoic.
Net Energy
Value
(MJ/kg)
Pure
Ethanol
102
.39
396
12,800
6.5/1
3.00
Pure
Methanol
103
.43
503
9,750
5/1
3.08
Pump
Gasoline
80-90
.34
150
(avg.)
18,70019,100
12.5/1
2.92
Racing
Gasoline
99
N/A
160
(est.)
18,500
(est.)
12.5/1
2.90
E30
87-94
.36
337
17,178
10.7/1
2.94
E85
99-100
.38
359
14,021
7.4/1
2.99
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Fuel Rankings
Fuel
Octane
(MON)
Burning Rate
(ms@stoic.)
Latent Heat
(BTU/gal)
Net Energy
Value
(MJ/kg)
Pure
Ethanol
2
5
2
2
Pure
Methanol
1
6
1
1
Pump
Gasoline
6
2
6
5
Racing
Gasoline
4
1
5
6
E30
5
3
4
4
E85
3
4
3
3
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Dave Slatten – 540 CID Drag Race Engine Dyno Results
Gasoline vs Ethanol STP Trq
760.0
740.0
720.0
STP Trq
700.0
680.0
660.0
640.0
620.0
600.0
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
RPM
Gasoline
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Ethanol
7000
7500
Dave Slatten – 540 CID Drag Race Engine Dyno Results
Gasoline vs Ethanol STP Hp
1000.0
950.0
900.0
STP Hp
850.0
800.0
750.0
700.0
650.0
600.0
550.0
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
RPM
Gasoline
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Ethanol
7000
7500
Different Blends, Availability,
and How E85 will Fit the Future
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E10
E85
E100 (E-98)
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Application Specifics, a
Review of Compatibility of
Parts, Corrosion, etc.

E10:
1. Passenger car-compliant for decades. A
simple replacement fuel
2. Reduced emissions/oxygenate
3. MTBE replacement
4. Promotes clean fuel injectors
5. Octane booster
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
E85:
1. Requires vehicle modifications
2. “Flex Fuel” vehicle (FFV) – identified by a
gas cap insignia
3. Ethanol-compatible fuel tank, pump, lines,
etc.
4. Modified air/fuel ratio: enriched air/fuel ratio
(approx. 25-28%) or specialized sensors
and computer programming
5. Additional changes and race car handling
considerations
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
E100 (E98):
1. Contains 98% ethanol and 2% denaturing
chemical
2. Race-only fuel (IRL series)
3. Extremely hygroscopic
4. May require “top oil” and post-race “pickling”
procedures.
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How to Optimize for Effective
Use of Ethanol as a
Performance Fuel
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Know Your Fuel – Determine Actual
Ethanol Content
Fuel System Modifications
Engine Modifications
Handling and Storage
Racing E85 Fuel
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
Know Your Fuel – Determine
Actual Ethanol Content
The actual ethanol content of E85
varies widely by the time of year and
pump-to-pump. For our easy FourStep Titration Method, you will need:
1. 100 ml. graduated cylinder & stopper
2. Sample of test E85 fuel
3. Distilled water
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Six-Step
Water
Titration
Method,
for E85
100
90
80
70

Step 1:
60
50
Fill the cylinder to
the 50 ml. mark
with the test fuel.
40
30
20
10
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Six-Step
Water
Titration
Method,
for E85
100
90
80
70

Step 2:
60
50
Add 48 ml. of
distilled water.
40
30
20
10
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Six-Step
Water
Titration
Method,
for E85
100
90
80
70

Step 3:
Put stopper in top of
cylinder. Shake
vigorously to mix the
water and fuel.
Allow it to stand.
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60
50
40
30
20
10
Six-Step
Water
Titration
Method,
for E85
100
90
80
70

Step 4:
Pull stopper out
slightly to allow
pressure buildup to
escape. Reseal and
allow to stand for 15
min.
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60
50
40
30
20
10
Six-Step
Water
Titration
Method,
for E85
100
90 Gasoline
80
Water /Ethanol
70

Step 5:
60
Write down the
overall Volume A
and the separation
line Volume B.
50
40
30
20
10
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Volume A = 93 ml
Volume B = 86 ml

Step 6:
Apply this formula to determine gasoline content:
Percent Gasoline = 2.1 + 1.94 (Volume A – Volume B)
2.1 + 1.94 (93-86)
2.1 + 1.94 (7)
2.1 + 13.58
Percent Gasoline = 15.68%
To find the ethanol content, subtract the percentage
gasoline content (15.68) from 100:
100 – 15.68 = 84.32% or approx. E85
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Four-Step
Water
Titration
Method
110
100
90
88 ml.
80

Step 4:
70
Read the level of the
ethanol/water at the
bottom. Subtract 10
ml. (the amount of
added water). This is
your true ethanol
percentage.
02/20/09
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60
50
40
The ethanol/water
level reads 88 ml.
Subtract 10 ml. for
the true ethanol
content of 78%, or
E78.
30
20
10
Advanced Engineering &
Technology Conference, 2007
www.iqlearningsystems.com
43
Four-Step
Water
Titration
Method
110
100
90
80

Step 3:
Put stopper in top of
cylinder. Shake
vigorously to mix the
water and fuel.
Allow it to stand.
The ethanol/water
mix will fall to the
bottom of the
cylinder.
800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Four-Step
Water
Titration
Method
110
100
90
80

Step 4:
Read the level of the
ethanol/water at the
bottom. Subtract 10
ml. (the amount of
added water). This is
your true ethanol
percentage.
800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
88 ml.
The ethanol/water
level reads 88 ml.
Subtract 10 ml. for
the true ethanol
content of 78%, or
E78.

Fuel System Modifications
To make your race vehicle E85
compatible, you must inspect the
following and make any needed
changes:
1. Correct fuel tank type & size
2. Vented gas cap
3. Compatible fuel pump – correct type
and capacity
4. Compatible carburetor/injectors
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
Engine Modifications
Protect your engine and take full
advantage of the power-making
capability of E85 fuel:
1. Utilize ethanol-compatible motor oil
2. Increase engine static compression ratio
3. Increase engine dynamic compression
4. Adjust air/fuel ratio
5. Adjust spark timing
6. Experiment with spark timing correction
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
Handling & Storage
Ethanol blends are hygroscopic. Once water
has been introduced, corrosion will develop.
Be sure to:
1. Store the fuel only in approved containers and
keep it tightly capped at all times.
2. All alcohols are very drying to skin. Avoid contact
with skin and eyes.
3. Follow all other normal fuel handling and storage
recommendations.
4. Inspect your motor oil for “milking” and change
frequently.
5. After racing, “pickle” the engine and vehicle. Drain
all fuel from lines and use an appropriate anticorrosive agent.
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
Racing with E85
Not only does E85 vary in ethanol content by the
time of year and from pump to pump, but the 15%
gasoline portion also affects engine performance
and fuel system requirements.
While pump E85 has a nominal octane rating of
105 (R+M/2 method), we strongly recommend that
you find a supplier of “E85 Racing Fuel”. The fuel
should have a consistent and high (85%) ethanol
content and the gasoline should also be a high
grade racing fuel. This will protect your engine from
varying octane levels and air/fuel mixture
requirements.
800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com
Contact Information:
Robert L. Colesworthy
IQ Learning Systems, Inc.
1833 Scherer Parkway
Saint Charles, MO 63303
800-597-9747
www.iqlearningsystems.com
12/3/07