Transcript Слайд 1 - duep.edu

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Творческая работа на английском языке
«М.В. Ломоносов – учёный, поэт, гражданин»
Выполнил:
студентка группы ПС-1-13
Троян Надежда
Проверил:
Преподаватель английского языка
2014 г.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (19
november 1711 – 15 april 1765)
was a Russian polymath, scientist
and writer, who made important
contributions
to
literature,
education, and science. Among his
discoveries was the atmosphere of
Venus. His spheres of science were
natural science, chemistry, physics,
mineralogy, history, art, philology,
optical devices and others.
Lomonosov was also a poet, who
created the basis of the modern
Russian literary language.
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Mikhail Lomonosov
Early life and family
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Lomonosov was born in the village
of Denisovka (later renamed
Lomonosovo in his honor) in the
Arkhangelsk Governorate, on an
island not far from Kholmogory, in
the Far North of Russia.[1] His
father,
Vasily
Dorofeyevich
Lomonosov, was a prosperous
peasant fisherman turned ship
owner, who amassed a small
fortune transporting goods from
Arkhangelsk
to
Pustozyorsk,
Solovki, Kola, and Lapland.[1]
Lomonosov’s mother was Vasily’s
first wife, a deacon’s daughter,
Elena Ivanovna Sivkova
He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old
enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying
Vasily on trading missions.
Learning was young Lomonosov's passion,
however, not business. The boy's thirst for
knowledge was unbounded. Lomonosov had
been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor
Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare
moment with his books. He continued his
studies with the village deacon, S.N.
Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books
he had access to were religious texts. When
he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies
of Meletius Smotrytsky's Modern Church
Slavonic (a grammar book) and Leonty
Magnitsky's Arithmetic.
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In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother
Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a
higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Denisovka, he was
determined to leave the village.
Educationin Moscow
In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov joined a caravan
traveling to Moscow. Not long after arriving,
Lomonosov obtained admission into the Slavic Greek
Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a priest’s son.
That initial falsehood would nearly get him expelled
from the academy a few years later when discovered.
Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, living off
only black bread and kvas, but he made rapid
progress scholastically.[7] After three years in Moscow
he was sent to Kiev to study for one year at the KyivMohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied
with the education he was receiving there, and
returned to Moscow several months ahead of
schedule, resuming his studies there. He completed a
twelve-year study course in only five years,
graduating at the top of his class. In 1736, Lomonosov
was awarded a scholarship to Saint Petersburg State
University. He plunged into his studies and was
rewarded with a two-year grant to study abroad at
the University of Marburg, in Germany.
Education abroad
The University of Marburg was among Europe's most
important universities in the mid-18th century due to
the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a
prominent figure of the German Enlightenment.
Lomonosov became one of Wolff’s personal students
while at Marburg. Both philosophically and as a science
administrator, this connection would be the most
influential of Lomonosov’s life.
Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language,
and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied
chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century English
theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and
even began writing poetry. He also developed an
interest in German literature. He is said to have
especially admired Günther. His Ode on the Taking of
Khotin from the Turks, composed in 1739, attracted a
great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg.
During his residence in Germany, Lomonosov boarded
with Catharina Zilch, a brewer’s widow. He fell in love
with Catharina’s daughter Elisabeth Christine Zilch.
They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it
extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on
the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the
Russian Academy of Science. As his circumstances
became desperate, he resolved to return to Saint
Petersburg.
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Return to Russia
Lomonosov returned to Russia in 1741. A
year later he was named adjutant to the
Russian Academy of Science in the physics
department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was
accused, arrested, and held under house
arrest for eight months, after he
supposedly insulted various people
associated with the Academy. He was
released and pardoned in January 1744
after apologising to all involved.
Lomonosov was made a full member of the
Academy, and named professor of
chemistry, in 1745. He established the
Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager
to improve Russia’s educational system, in
1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count
Ivan Shuvalov in founding the Moscow
State University.
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Physicist
In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673.
He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false.
Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary:
"Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to
determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure
heat. The experiments– of which I append the record in 13 pages–
demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without
access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".
He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light,
contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated
the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in
nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added
to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases
elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for
an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object
the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July
1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on
the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).
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Astronomer
In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved
design of a reflecting telescope to the
Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His
telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at
four degrees to telescope's axis. This made
the image focus at the side of the telescope
tube. There the observer could view the
image with an eyepiece without blocking the
image. However, this invention was not
published until 1827, so this type of
telescope has become associated with a
similar design by William Herschel, the
Herschelian telescope. Lomonosov was the
first person to hypothesize the existence of
an atmosphere on Venus based on his
observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in
a small observatory near his house in
Petersburg.
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Chemist
Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of
mercury. Believing that nature is subject to regular and
continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin
of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he
published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760,
he explained the formation of icebergs.
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Mosaicist
Lomonosov was proud to restore the
ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his
letter to Leonard Euler, he wrote that
his three years of experiments on the
effects of chemistry of minerals on
their colour led to him became very
involved into the mosaics art. In
1763, he set up a glass factory that
produced the first stained glass
mosaics outside of Italy. There were
forty
mosaics
attributed
to
Lomonosov, with only twenty-four
surviving to the present day. Among
the best is the portrait of Peter the
Great and the Battle of Poltava,
measuring 4.8 × 6.4 meters
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Poet
In 1755, he wrote a grammar that reformed the
Russian literary language by combining Old Church
Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his
literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn
ceremonial odes, notably the Evening Meditation on
the God's Grandeur. He applied an idiosyncratic
theory to his later poems– tender subjects needed
words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, YU,
whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger",
"envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with
back vowel sounds O, U, Y. That was a version of
what is now called sound symbolism. Lomonosov
published a history of Russia in 1760. In addition, he
unsuccessfully attempted to write an epic about
Peter the Great, to be based on the Aeneid by
Vergil. In 1761, he was elected a foreign member of
the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764,
Lomonosov was appointed to the position of
secretary of state. He died one year later in Saint
Petersburg. Most of his accomplishments were
unknown outside Russia until long after his death.
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Legacy
A lunar crater bears his name, as does a crater on Mars. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov
Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor. Moscow State University was renamed ‘’M.
V. Lomonosov Moscow State University’’ in his honor in 1940.
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