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Using Sources … and Academic Honesty The British University in Egypt Sources of Information Print-on-Paper Resources Electronic Resources Non-print Resources What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is defined as the act of passing off the ideas or writings of another as one’s own. Original ideas belong to those who had them first. Types of Plagiarism Copy & Paste Plagiarism Word Switch Plagiarism Idea Plagiarism Self-Stealing Plagiarism Collaborative Work Plagiarism Labour of Laziness Plagiarism Common knowledge Facts that can be found in numerous places and are likely to be known by a lot of people do not require documentation of the source. Example: John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960. Why Avoid Plagiarism? Stealing from another: Unethical Copyright It hurts the learner: Cheating oneself No self-development No chance for self-presentation Subject to penalties I really did not do it! Responsibility Vs. Ignorance How to avoid Plagiarism? Acknowledging the source while Quoting Paraphrasing Summarising Quoting … “ ” Put in Quotations everything that directly comes from the text. Example: According to Peter S. Pritchard in USA Today, “Public schools need reform but they’re irreplaceable in teaching all the nation’s young” (14). BUT … The following should be avoided: Stringing quotes together without discussion Writing a paragraph that consists only of a quote Overusing quotations Paraphrasing A good paraphrase finds new words to express the original meaning. It changes the wording but not the message. Example A In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of transnational factors in conditioning the experience of minority ethnic groups. In analysing the position of ethnic minorities, we need to be aware that their integration is conditioned by "historically encoded membership systems of European host polities and by global changes in the concept and organization of individual rights" (Soysal 1994: 29). One of the most interesting developments in recent years has been a tendency on the part of certain states to modify the rules governing access to formal citizenship, so as to make it easier - or in some cases more difficult - for migrants to take an active role in political life. Example B In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of transnational factors in conditioning the experience of minority ethnic groups. In her analysis of this question, Soysal (1994: 29) identifies two main factors as being particularly important: historical patterns of national membership in different European states and global changes affecting the rights accorded to individuals. While these points are certainly significant, it would be a mistake to lose sight of other factors, such as variations in the norms and expectations of different ethnic groups. I also feel that varying levels of resource mobilisation can play a vital role. Example C In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of transnational factors in conditioning the experience of minority ethnic groups. The integration of post-war migrants is shaped both by the historically encoded membership systems of European states and by global changes in the concept and organization of individual rights. Since 1945, global pressures toward more expanded individual rights have led to the increasing incorporation of foreigners into existing membership schemes. But by extending membership, these pressures are transforming existing models, reducing the importance of national citizenship. Example D In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of transnational factors in conditioning the experience of minority ethnic groups. The integration of migrants is shaped both by "historically encoded membership systems of European host polities and by global changes in the concept and organization of individual rights" (Soysal 1994: 29). In the post-war era, worldlevel pressures toward more expanded individual rights have led to the increasing incorporation of foreigners into existing membership schemes. However, by extending membership beyond national citizenry, these pressures also work to transform the existing models, making national citizenship peculiarly less important. References: http://www.bridgewater.edu/ http://www.geneseo.edu/ http://www.lboro.ac.uk/admin/ar/stu dent/handbook/section11/index.htm http://library.csus.edu/ http://www.ysu.edu/maag/find/type_ plag.html Thank you! Questions?