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Introduction to Plants
Table of Contents
The Plant Kingdom
Photosynthesis and Light
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
What Is a Plant?
Nearly all plants are autotrophs-produce their own food.
All plants are eukaryotes
contain many cells
all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls.
Introduction to Plants
Adaptations for living on land
• Obtaining water and other nutrients
• Retaining water- cuticle/ reduce water loss
• Transporting materials-vascular tissue/ tubelike
structures- carry food, water, minerals
• Support
• Reproduction –zygot / fertilized egg
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Classifying plants
Nonvascular- don’t have a system of tubes/ low growing, do
not have roots
Vascular –have vascular tissue/ tall
Origin of plants- green algae
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Complex Life Cycles
Plants have complex life cycles that include two different
stages:
Sporophyte- plant produces spores
Gametophyte- plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm
cell and egg cell.
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
The graph shows how much
water a certain plant loses
during the hours shown.
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted
along each axis?
Horizontal axis–time of day;
vertical axis–water loss.
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Interpreting Data:
According to the graph,
during what part of the
day did the plant lose the
most water? The least
water?
Most–midday; least–in the
evening.
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Drawing Conclusions:
What could account for
the pattern of water loss
shown?
The plant seemed to lose
the most water during the
sunniest or warmest parts of
the day.
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Predicting:
How would you expect the
graph to look from 10 p.m.
to 8 a.m.? Explain your
reasoning.
The line graph would
descend during the night
and then rise again in the
morning hours, because the
water loss is less during the
night when there is no sun.
Introduction to Plants - The Plant Kingdom
Building Vocabulary
A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling
about its most important feature or function. After you read
the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of
Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write
a definition of each Key Term in your own words.
Key Terms:
photosynthesis
cuticle
nonvascular
plant
sporophyte
tissue
gametophyte
vascular
vascular tissue
plant
chloroplast
chlorophyll
fertilization
vacuole
zygote
Examples:
Sunlight
One
Plants
that
provides
lack athat
well-developed
the
helps
energy
a plant
for
this
system
reduce
food-making
of
water
tubes
loss
foris
In
theadaptation
sporophyte
stage,
the
plant
produces
spores,
process,
a
transporting
waxy,
called
photosynthesis.
and
layer
other
called
materials
the
cuticle,
are known
which as
tiny
cellswaterproof
thatwater
can
grow
into
new
organisms.
covers
nonvascular
the how
leaves
plants.
of most
plants.
No
matter
large
or
small
a plant
its cellstwo
are
In the
gametophyte
stage,
the
plant is,
produces
Vascular
tissue
is a system
of tubelike
structures
organized
into
tissues—groups
of egg
similar
cells
that
Plants
true
vascular
are
called
vascular
kinds ofwith
sex
cells:
sperm tissue
cells and
cells.
inside
through
whichinwater,
minerals, and
perform
a specific
function
an organism.
plants.a plant
food move.
Chloroplasts,
which
look something
like green
jelly
Biologists
studied
a green
pigment
called
chlorophyll,
Fertilization
occurs
when
a
sperm
cell
unites
with
an
beans,
are
the
structures of
in plants,
which food
is and
made.
found
in
the
chloroplasts
algae,
some
egg cell.
A
vacuole is a large storage sac that can expand and
bacteria.
A
fertilized
is called a zygote.
shrink
like aegg
balloon.
Introduction to Plants - Photosynthesis and Light
The Photosynthesis Process
In photosynthesis, the
energy in sunlight is
used to make sugar
and oxygen from
carbon dioxide and
water.
Introduction to Plants - Photosynthesis and Light
Previewing Visuals
Preview Figure 9. Then write three questions that you have
about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below.
As you read, answer your questions.
Water Vascular System
Q. How is sunlight involved in photosynthesis?
A. The energy in sunlight is used to make sugar.
Q. Why does a plant need sugar?
A. The plant uses energy from the sugar to carry out life
functions.
Q. How does the plant use the water its roots take in?
A. Water molecules combine with carbon dioxide to form
sugar and oxygen during photosynthesis
Introduction to Plants - Photosynthesis and Light
Photosynthesis
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
photosynthesis.
Introduction to Plants - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Identifying Main Ideas
Nonvascular plants
Live in moist area
Absorb water and nutrients directly from the
environment
Main Idea
include…
Detail
Mosses
Detail
Liverworts
Detail
Hornworts
Introduction to Plants - Plants Without Seeds: Mosses, Liverworts, an
Mosses
•More than 10, 000 species
•A moss gametophyte is
low-growing and has
structures that look like
roots, stems, and leaves.
The stalklike sporophyte
generation remains attached
to the gametophyte.
•The rhizoids anchor the
moss and absorbs water
and nutrients from the soil
Introduction to Plants
Mossses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Liverworts
• More than 8 ooo species
• Grow as a thick crust on moist rock or soil
Hornworts
• Fewer than 100 species
• Liv ein moist soil often mixed with grass plants
Introduction to Plants - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, club mosses, and
horsetails share two
characteristics:
•They have true vascular tissue
• they do not produce seeds
•reproduce by releasing spores.
Introduction to Plants - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Ferns
Most ferns have underground stems in addition to roots.
The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.
Introduction to Plants
Ferns, Club Mosses, a Ferns, Club Mosses,
and Horsetails nd Horsetails
Horsetails
• Joined stems; needle branches
Club mosses
• Only few hundred species
• Similar to ferns
• Have vascular tissue
Introduction to Plants - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Asking Questions
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic
organizer like the one below, ask a what, how, or where
question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to
your questions.
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Question
Answer
What are the characteristics of
seedless vascular plants?
Seedless vascular plants have
vascular tissue; they do not produce
seeds; they reproduce by releasing
spores.
How do ferns reproduce?
Ferns reproduce by spores that form
on the underside of their fronds.
How do club mosses differ from
true mosses?
Club mosses have vascular tissue.
Introduction to Plants
Graphic Organizer
Characteristic
Moss
Fern
Size
Small and low
Can be tall
Environment
Moist
Moist
Body parts
Rootlike, stemlike,
leaflike structures
True roots,
stems, and leaves
Familiar generation
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Is true vascular
tissue present?
No
Yes