Transcript Hypertext 4 - ITIS Cannizzaro

HYPERTEXT (1)
a form of electronic text
a radically new information technology
a mode of publication
HYPERTEXT (2)
Ted Nelson: "By ‘hypertext’ I mean non-sequential
writing -- text that branches and allows choices to the
reader, best read at an interactive screen. As popularly
conceived, this is a series of text chunks connected
by links which offer the reader different pathways.”
HYPERTEXT (3)
Jay David Bolter (School of Literature,Communication, and Culture
Georgia Institute of Technology) : “A hypertext consists of topics
and their connections, and [...] the topics can be
paragraphs, sentences, or individual words. A
hypertext is like a printed book that the author has
himself attacked with a pair of scissors and cut into
convenient verbal sizes. ... The author defines its
structure by establishing electronic connections
among the slips”
HYPERTEXT (4)
J. Fiderio: “At its most sophisticated level, hypertext
is a software environment for collaborative work,
communication, and knowledge acquisition. Hypertext
products mimic the brain's ability to store and retrieve
information by referential links for quick and intuitive
access.”
HYPERTEXT (5)
Nicholas Negroponte (Professor of Media Technology at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and founding chairman of MIT's Media Laboratory):
“Hypermedia is an extension of hypertext, a term for highly interconnected
narrative, or linked information. ... In a printed book, sentences, paragraphs,
pages, and chapters follow one another in an order determined not only by the
author but also by the physical and sequential construct of the book itself. While
a book may be randomly accessible and your eyes may browse quite haphazardly,
it is nonetheless forever fixed by the confines of three physical dimensions. In the
digital world, this is not the case. Information space is by no means limited to
three dimensions. An expression of an idea or train of thought can include a
multidimensional network of pointers to further elaborations or arguments, which
can be invoked or ignored. The structure of the text should be imagined like a
complex molecular model. Chunks of information can be reordered, sentences
expanded, and words given definitions on the spot…... These linkages can be
embedded either by the author at "publishing" time or later by readers over time.
Interaction is implicit in all multimedia.” (1995 )
HYPERTEXT (6)
J. McDaid (New York Institute of Technology) :
“ Hypermedia implies linking and navigation through
material stored in many media: text, graphics, sound,
music, video, etc. But the ability to move through
textual information and images is only half the
system: a true hypermedia environment also includes
tools that enable readers to rearrange the material.”
HYPERTEXT (7)
“The World Wide Web offers truly networked hypertext and gave
the concept its final popular break-through, so that today it is
more or less associated with this implementation. …
The Web is a gobal hypertext system. A computer-based system
for linking documents to other related documents. Links are
embedded within the text of a document in the form of highlighted
words or images and, when activated, cause the linked document
to be instantly retrieved and displayed. The linked document can
in itself contain links to other documents and so on ad infinitum.
Links are most commonly activated by pointing and clicking with
a mouse.”Andrew Ford: Spinning the Web. How to provide information on the Internet. 1995.
From “Hypertext concepts: A Historical Perspective”
http://akira.ruc.dk/~new/CommCourse/Hypertext.PDF
HYPERTEXT (8)
A term that includes hypermedia, signifies text composed
of blocks of words (or images) linked electronically by
multiple paths, chains, or trails in an open-ended web (or
electronic book). Hypertext, in other words, is an
information technology in which a new element -- the
link -- plays a major part. All the chief practical, cultural,
and educational characteristics of this medium derive from
the fact that linking creates new kinds of connectivity and
reader choice. Hypertext is therefore properly described as
multisequential or multilinear rather than nonlinear
writing.
From http://www.cyberartsweb.org/cpace/ht/htlecture/index.html
MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia: designating or pertaining to a form of
artistic, educational, etc., communication using more
than one medium.
Excerpted from Oxford Talking Dictionary. Copyright ® 1998 The Learning Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Multimedia: text, images, sound, animations and video
all together
Multimedia: the use of several different media to
convey information (text, audio, graphics, animation,
video).
From www.wikipedia.org
HYPERMEDIA (1)
Hypermedia:
A method of structuring information in different media
for presentation to a user (usually via a workstation)
whereby related items of information are
interconnected.
Excerpted from Oxford Talking Dictionary. Copyright ® 1998 The Learning Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HYPERMEDIA (2)
Hypermedia:
a logical extension of the term hypertext, in which
audio, video, plain text, and non-linear hyperlinks
intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of
information. This contrasts with multimedia, which,
although often capable of random access in terms of
the physical medium, is essentially linear in nature.
The World Wide Web is a classic example of
hypermedia, whereas a movie on a DVD is an example
of standard multimedia. Of course, the lines between
the two can (and often do) blur depending on how a
particular technological medium is implemented.
From www.wikipedia.org
HYPERMEDIA (3)
Hypermedia:
hypertext with a difference - hypermedia documents
contain links not only to other pieces of text, but also
to other forms of media - sounds, images, and movies.
Images themselves can be selected to link to sounds
or documents. Hypermedia simply combines hypertext
and multimedia.
From http://old.artun.ee/center/eng/marginal_status/hprtxt.html
TEXT / HYPERTEXT / MULTIMEDIA / HYPERMEDIA
HYPERTEXT / HYPERMEDIA
While the distinction between hypertext
and hypermedia has been useful in the
past, in general these terms have
become synonymous.
Linearity, nonlinearity, and
multilinearity
“… all our experiences of hypertexts are linear: each reading of a hypertext
necessarily takes place in time and is therefore takes form as a sequence. No
matter how many link choices we have, we have to read individual lexias in
linear order.
Written or printed texts are linear in two senses:
(1) they present matter-to-be-read in a linear order and
(2) they are generally read more or less in sequential order, in a sequence.
(Printed texts with end- or footnotes, however, present a multisequential order,
though, of course, they must be read linearly or sequentially.)
Hypertexts differ from scholarly footnoted texts, therefore, in the degree to
which they demand a multisequential reading experience. One can read an
end- or footnoted text as a fundamentally linear text by ignoring the notes or
citations; one cannot read a hypertext at all by ignoring the links.”
From http://www.cyberartsweb.org/cpace/ht/htlecture/multilinearities.html
Conclusion: hypertext reading is linear but multisequential.
Modularity
Hypertext is by definition modular, since each linked document (chunk
or lexia) forms a separate module. What are the implications of such
modularity?
All hypertexts are in a sense always unfinished since one can always
add another module.
Hypertext projects don't seem to need or demand complete organization;
they may be unsymmetrical, or they may grow and change.
In many cases, one doesn't have to have a finished hypertext project or
web for it to be usable.
In educational or informational hypertexts, for example, one can use
them when they are only partially complete.
From http://www.cyberartsweb.org/cpace/ht/htlecture/modularity.html