Transcript Smoking & Lung Cancer

Smoking & Lung Cancer
by Ivan Mendoza
December 5, 2007
What is Lung Cancer?
Lung cancer is caused when some of the cells forming the tissues of the lungs grow
abnormally and form a malignant tumor. The tumor might start in different parts of the lungs.
There are rarely noticeable symptoms in the early stages of lung cancer, and this is why
early detection is difficult. In later stages, symptoms can include:
- A persistent cough that gets worse over time;
- Coughing up blood or increased amounts of mucus;
- Constant chest pain;
- Shortness of breath, wheezing or hoarseness;
- Repeated bouts of pneumonia or bronchitis;
- Swelling of the neck and face;
- Appetite loss, weight loss and fatigue.
Smoking & Lung Cancer?
Cigarette smoke inhibits and damages the normal cleaning process by which the lungs get
rid of foreign and harmful particles. Smoke destroys an important cleansing layer in the
lungs, which in turn causes a build-up of mucus. The result is "smokers' cough," an
alternative method that the lungs take in attempting to clean themselves. The harmful
cancer-producing particles in cigarette smoke are able to remain lodged in the mucus and
develop into cancer tumors.
Smoking & Lung Cancer
History of Cigarette Smoking
Tobacco has its origins in the lands of Mayan culture around 2000 B.C. First
European people observed how indigenous smoked tobacco’s leafs in pipes
and then they imitated them to bring the practice into Europe in the early part of
XVI century. Almost all tobacco was consumed by pipe-smoking, chewing and
snuffing until the beginning of XX century.
Smoking & Lung Cancer
History of Cigarette Smoking
- 1912: In a monograph, Dr. Isaac Adler is the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking.
- 1928: German scientist proposes that lung cancers among non-smoking women could be caused by
inhalation of their husbands' smoke.
- 1930: US has a per capita smoking rate of 977 cigarettes/year.
- 1930: 2,357 cases of lung cancer reported in the US. The lung cancer death rate in white males is 3.8 per
100,000.
- 1939-1945: WORLD WAR II. As part of the war effort, Roosevelt makes tobacco a protected crop. Cigarettes
are included in GI's C-Rations. Tobacco companies send millions of free cigarettes to GI's, mostly the popular
brands.
- 1948: UK: Sir Richard Doll has written: On I January 1948, "The First Reports on Smoking and Lung
Cancer".
- 1948: Lung cancer has grown 5 times faster than other cancers since 1938; behind stomach cancer.
- 1950: Three important epidemiological studies provide the first powerful links between smoking and lung
cancer. All of them the retrospective case-control method.
• In May 27, 1950 issue of JAMA, Morton Levin publishes first major study definitively linking smoking to
lung cancer.
• In the same issue, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A
Study of 684 Proved Cases," by Ernst L. Wynder and Evarts A. Graham of the United States, found that
96.5% of lung cancer patients interviewed were moderate heavy-to-chain-smokers.
• 1950-09:30: RICHARD DOLL and A BRADFORD HILL publish first report on Smoking and Carcinoma
of the Lung in the British Medical Journal, finding that heavy smokers were fifty times as likely as
nonsmokers to contract lung cancer. The cancer advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health says they
have demonstrated an association, not a cause, and advise the Government to do nothing.
Smoking & Lung Cancer
American Study & E. Wynder (1950)
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma
Smoking & Lung Cancer
British Study & R. Doll (1950)
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Another British Study & R. Doll (1954)
Smoking & Lung Cancer
The Mortality in Doctors in relation to their smoking habits
Smoking & Lung Cancer
The Same Study Over the years…
Smoking & Lung Cancer
The Same Study Over the years…
Smoking & Lung Cancer
The Same Study Over the years…
Smoking & Lung Cancer
The Same Study Over the years…
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer in Canada
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer in Canada
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health (1964)
January 11, 1964 - Luther L. Terry, M.D., Surgeon General of the U.S. Public
Health Service, released the first report of the Surgeon General's Advisory
Committee on Smoking and Health. Based on more than 7,000 articles related
to smoking and disease already available, the Advisory Committee concluded
that cigarette smoking is:
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data
_statistics/sgr/history.htm
• A cause of lung cancer and laryngeal cancer in men.
• A probable cause of lung cancer in women.
• The most important cause of chronic bronchitis.
The release of the report was the first in a series of steps, still being taken
more than 40 years later, to diminish the impact of tobacco use on the health
of the American people. For several days, the report furnished newspaper
headlines across the country and lead stories on television newscasts. During
the more than 40 years that have elapsed since that report, individual citizens,
private organizations, public agencies, and elected officials have pursued the
Advisory Committee's call for "appropriate remedial action.“ Early on, the U.S.
Congress adopted the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965
and the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969. These laws:
“Strongest relationship, between cigarette
smoking and health within the field of lung
cancer. There is a very strong relationship
and probably a causal relationship
between heart disease and cigarette
smoking.”
• Required a health warning on cigarette packages.
• Banned cigarette advertising in the broadcasting media.
• Called for an annual report on the health consequences of smoking.
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health (1964)
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Is that Report helping?
Smoking & Lung Cancer
About Causation…
Video about Causality,
Smoking & Lung Cancer
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_
window.html?pid=149
Smoking & Lung Cancer
Tobacco is a dirty weed. I like it.
It satisfies no normal need. I like it.
It makes you thin, it makes you lean,
It takes the hair right off your bean.
It's the worst darn stuff I've ever seen.
I like it.
Graham Lee Hemminger, Penn State
Froth, Tobacco (1915)
Smoking & Lung Cancer