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Emissions Reduction Option 1: Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70% of all photosynthesis occurs). But, we replace our forests with cities, highways & golf courses. Stop destroying forests, and grow more trees. R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming. How long does it take to grow a tree like this? R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Emissions Reduction Option 2: Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources What are they? Nuclear Hydro Renewables (Geothermal, Solar, Wave, Tidal, Wind, Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Energy from sustainably managed renewable sources Solar energy Wind energy Hydropower Ocean energy Geothermal Biomass & organic waste Biomass & organic waste R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Photovoltaic thermal waves, tides heat heat DC electricity AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc. AC electricity AC electricity AC electricity AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc. heat, organic fuels AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc. Ulf Bossel – October 2005 World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in 1015 BTU) 175 Petroleum 150 Coal 125 100 Dry Natural Gas 75 Hydroelectric Power 50 25 0 1980 Nuclear Electric Power 1985 1990 1995 Year R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 2000 2005 Electric Power from Renewables http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %) 50% Petroleum 40% Coal 30% Dry Natural Gas 20% Hydroelectric Power 10% 0% 1980 Nuclear Electric Power 1985 1990 1995 Year R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 2000 2005 Electric Power from Renewables http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Fossil fuels 50% Hydroelectric Power 40% Nuclear Electric Power 30% Electric Power from Renewables 20% 10% 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %) 8% 7% 6% 5% Hydroelectric Power 4% Nuclear Electric Power 3% Electric Power from Renewables 2% 1% 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls There is no immediate financial benefits for a switch to renewable energy in the profitoriented energy markets. R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Emissions Reduction Option 3: Reduce Population More people More pollution R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Electricity use in 2006 If you are in USA, you will be lighting 18.5 bulbs, each with 200 W power If you are in China, you will be lighting 3 bulbs, each with 200 W power R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income CO2 (metric tons per capita) R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Population GDP per capita, PPP (const 2005 International $) in 2005 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income CO2 (metric tons per capita) R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Population GDP per capita, PPP (const 2005 International $) in 2005 CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population. R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Emissions Reduction Option 4: Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (very fragile) are not known Discussion Point 7: What could you do to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit as an engineer? R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Take 10 mins. Food for thought: What are the Engineering Challenges to sustainability? Global climate change Energy production and use Food production Resources depletion Toxics in the environment Making sustainable lifestyles attractive R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010 Base for your CP551 project The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus: “You may give men such gifts as are suitable, but you must not give them fire for that belongs to the Immortals.” – Roger Lancelyn Green Tales of the Greek Heroes Puffin Classics R. Shanthini 20 Aug 2010