Transcript GOVERNMENT OF ERITREA/ UNICEF COUNTRY PROGRAMME …

Can Community Led Total Sanitation accelerate sustainable
progress towards achieving the MDG sanitation target?
Case Study: Eritrea
Patrick Sijenyi, 13th July 2012
Preview:
1.0 Background and Country context
2.0 Study Objectives vis a vis Learned Concepts
3.0 Critical evaluation of the Relevance & Applicability of learned
concepts to current sanitation situation.
4.0 Sustainability.
5.0 Next Steps…suggested areas for further work
1.0 Background & Country Context
Area approx 122,000km2
Est. pop’n = 3.46m (GSE, 2011)
Rural Pop’n = approx 2.4 m
Access to improved latrine facilities
(rural pop’n) = 4% (UNICEF/WHO, 2010)
Open Defecation = 70-96%
Sanitation Policy developed and rolled
out.
CLTS rolled out in 2009, out of 2,644
villages, only 117 declared ODF
Unlikely to meet the MDG sanitation
target of 54%
2.0 Case Study Questions vis a vis Learned Concepts
1. What method(s) does CLTS use to motivate and
empower communities to become open defecation
free?
2. How sustainable is the CLTS approach? What is
sustainability-as understood in relation to CLTS?
3. Can CLTS achieve results at scale?
• This study focuses specifically on open defecation
free declared villages.
3.0 Critical evaluation of the Relevance & Applicability of
learned concepts to current sanitation situation
Objective
No.
Learned Concept
1
Norm shift and
(Motivation Norm creation
&
Empowerm
ent)
Relevance and Applicability
1. Move from Open Defecation to a new social norm
2. Open defecation-custom: actors respond in similar
motivation, convenient, meets an existing need, no
investment needed.
3. Open defecation free: New social norm: people
believe conforms to normative (most people in
their relevant network believe they ought to
conform to it) and empirical expectations (most
people in their relevant network conform to it)
4. Empirical
expectations
and
normative
expectations have to be kept “alive” to sustain
new norm.
1
Organized
•
Diffusion (from
•
core to community)
Tailored along the Outreach model.
Utilizes a Core Group of Change Agents to
implement programme
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3.0 Critical evaluation of the Relevance & Applicability of
learned concepts to current sanitation situation
Objective
No.
Learned Concept Relevance and Applicability
2 (Scaling
Up)
Organized
Diffusion
(community to
community)
•
•
1
Change of
approach in
sanitation
programmingsocial norm lens
From supply driven, subsidy based approaches
to demand responsive, community based
participatory approaches.
Observed during ODF celebrations
Leaders from OD practicing villages invited during
the celebrations. Some take it upon themselves to
champion CLTS within their areas.
Subsidy approach-No social expectations created
around sanitation
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Critical Evaluation (Cont’d)-Change of Approach explained
Establish whether there
is a social norm
problem, assess
existing networks,
establish trust between
community and
implementer
Pre-Triggering
Assess individual believes,
normative expectations
and creation of common
knowledge through
participatory tools used
e.g. transect walk/walk of
shame, open defecation
mapping, food and faeces,
water and faeces, shit and
shake
Triggering
Create personal
normative expectations
through the
identification of natural
leaders, development of
community action plan
Triggering
CLTS programme implementation process
Critical evaluation (Cont’d)-Change of Approach explained
Establish normative
expectation
Through latrine
construction
and empirical
expectation during ODF
certification, ODF
Declaration and
celebration .
Post -Triggering
“CLTS and beyond”strengthen established
factual and personal
believes and
sustenance of
normative and empirical
expectations.
Incentives
(internal/external) and
sanctions in place.
Post –
Triggering
CLTS programme implementation process
4.0 Sustainability
Issues:
a) Lack of common clarity on theme/guiding principles on sustainability-many
dimensions;
b) Only 117 villages out of 2,644 villages are ODF;
c) Critical mass of villages yet to become ODF thereby reaching the tipping point
and creating the necessary expectation that would sustain this new, positive
norm.
d) Social norms-opportunity to focus on “behavioural” sustainability
e) Diagnostic tool to assess sustenance of created norms within ODF declared
villages drafted.
Factual Beliefs
Personal
Empirical expectations Normative expectations
normative beliefs
If you defecate in
the open, even if it
is far away from a
water source, is it
possible for faeces
and water to mix?
Does defecating in
the open affect the
health/disease of a
community
If the latrine fills up
or collapses, in your
opinion, do you
think it’s OK to
defecate in the
open?
Do you think you
should use a
latrine?
How frequently do
other people use
latrines for defecation?
If you defecate in the open,
what would others think?
Who in your community If latrine fills up or collapses
(adult/children) is using within your community, would
latrines?
others think it’s ok to defecate
in the open?
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5.0 Next Steps……
1. Sustainability (behavioural): develop & implement diagnostic toolto include robust monitoring regime.
2. Going at Scale (diffusion & networks): conduct a detailed
formative research to better understand how these two processes operate
at the village, sub region and regional level. Develop strategy based on
findings.
3. CLTS and Beyond: Enhance inter-sectoral coordination, especially in
light of the fact that a number of tasks to be undertaken within the context
of “CLTS and beyond” are outside the traditional domain of MoH.
4. ODF verification and certification: Establish a system where
verification process is conducted by an independent monitor e.g. staff from
neighbouring region/sub region etc.
5. Enhance
programming.
documentation:
Step
towards
evidence
based
Q & A time
THANK YOU!