Transcript SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
FACTORS AFFECTING
PARTICIPATION
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Sponsorship
Media
Social and cultural aspects
Influences of local and national providers.
Sponsorship
Sponsorship exists to give good publicity to the sponsors. It can fund teams, sports or
individuals in part or full. The more famous the sport, team or individual, the higher
the sponsor.
There are many different types of sponsorship:
1.
Free transport
2.
Free accommodation
3.
Scholarships
4.
Free equipment
5.
Free clothes and shoes
6.
Event and league paid for
7.
Free entrance fee, food, training
Sponsors get a great deal out of sponsorship too
1.
Free advertising – see David Beckham wearing adidas football boots, and you will
want a pair
2.
Image – Samsung will become associated with winning
3.
Scholarships – some universities offer places to students who excel in certain
sport. In return, universities gain prestige for sporting excellence
4.
Tax and hospitality – sponsors don’t usually have to pay tax on the money they
spend on sponsorship. They also get free tickets to the event they are sponsoring,
which they can use to impress clients or employees
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POSITIVE
Pays for full time sportspeople to train
and compete
Pays for events and leagues to
compete in
Promotes the development of up and
coming sportspeople
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NEGATIVE
Not everyone can get sponsorship,
especially if you play an unpopular
sport
If you get injured, lose your form or get
a bad reputation, sponsors could
withdraw
Abuse of power by associating alcohol
and cigarettes with sport. This gives a
false image of health
Media
Sport is everywhere!
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TV and radio
2.
Cable and satellite – pay-per-view events
3.
Ceefax and teletext
4.
Internet
5.
Newspapers and magazines
6.
Books and films
7.
Mobile technology
Media coverage depends a lot on technology. Apart from making the above forms
possible, it also improves things with instant replays, photo finishes, underwater
cameras, split times and timings.
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POSITIVE EFFECTS
MONEY – media companies pay for
the rights to show a sport.
Sponsorship will increase massively
if that sport is popularised by the
media
EDUCATION – people learn about
rules and tactics for a sport
ROLE MODELS – young people
aspire to be like these
INSPIRATION – brings sports to
people who may not otherwise
experience it, which can encourage
participation
AID TO COACHING – lets you study
the performance of others
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NEGATIVE EFFECTS
BIAS – only the really popular sports
get much coverage, so smaller
sports don’t get much sponsorship
LACK OF ATTENDANCE – watching
it on TV means you re not at the
game, which reduces ticket sales.
OVERLOAD – some think there is
too much sport on TV
OPEN SEASON – stars are
hounded by the media
DEMANDS TO COMPLY – media
impose rules on sports to make
them more exciting. Golden goal in
football, tie breaks in tennis
Social and Cultural Aspects
SPORTING BEHAVIOUR
Etiquette – the unwritten rules
In sport this means fair play and good manners
Footballers often kick the ball out of play if an opponent is injured so they can be treated.
At the throw in, the opposition give the ball back to the other team.
At the end of a tennis match, players shake their opponent’s and umpire’s hand.
Violence
This is rare in non-contact sports, as there is no direct aggression
Fights do break out in aggressive team sports, such as rugby
Some people say violence among players causes spectator violence, but this is not been
proved either way
If a player has behaved in a violent manner, they can be fined or suspended, and their
club may be fined.
SPECTATORS
Crowds can influence a match by cheering on their team and putting off the opposition. This is a
reason why playing at home is an advantage
They buy tickets and other merchandise, which brings money into the club
However, there can be a downside to fans
Facilities are needed, and stewards have to be there to supervise them
The police may be needed to control large numbers of fans, and the clubs have to pay for this
Hooliganism can be a problem
Hooliganism has caused disasters, so action has been taken:
Heysel Disaster – in 1985, at the European Cup Final, 39 Juventus fans were killed =when Liverpool
fans rushed towards them, making a wall collapse.
Hillsborough Disaster – at the 1989 FA Cup semi-final, 96 fans were crushed to death against fences
around the pitch, after too many people had been let into the stadium.
The Taylor Report made the following recommendations
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Stadiums had to have fences separating opposing fans
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Stadiums had to become all-seater
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Club membership schemes were introduced to stop known trouble makers entering the
grounds
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Perimeter fences between the crowds and the pitch were removed
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CCTV was installed to monitor fans
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AMATEURS
Don’t get paid
Take part because the enjoy it
Hockey is a sport that is totally
amateur
Clubs have to pay for the hire of
facilities
Players of the clubs pay membership
fees
Some clubs get sponsorship from
small local businesses
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PROFESSIONALS
Get paid for playing
Their full time job
TV and radio pay massive amounts for
the rights to show the event
They sell merchandise
Sponsorship
Influences of Local and National
Providers
LOCAL SPORTS CLUBS
CHAIRPERSON
Top official
who chairs the
meetings and
represents the
club
VICE-CHAIR
Takes over if
the chair is away
TRESURER
Manages the
club’s finances
SECRETARY
Takes notes at
meetings, lets
members know
what is going on
FIXTURE SEC
Organises the
club’s events
MEMBERSHIP
SECRETARY
Tries to enrol
new members
A general structure of a sports club committee, which is elected
by the club members
COACH
Helps the club
members to
train and
coaches the
teams
SPORTING FACILITIES
Outdoor facilities
Include pitches (football, hockey, cricket), tracks (athletics, horse racing), pools (water
sports), courts (tennis, netball) and natural features (canoeing)
Indoor facilities
Usually purpose built buildings, such as swimming pools, sports halls, gyms (used for lots
of different activities, like football, badminton, tennis)
When you plan to build an indoor facility, there are many things needed to be taken into
consideration:
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Are people going to use it?
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Can people park there?
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Can it be used for other things?
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Can people get to it?
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What will it cost?
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Is there any competition?
Public Sector Facilities
• Owned by local authorities and councils
• Usually run at a loss
• Sports pitches, leisure centres, swimming pools
Private Sector Facilities
• Owned by companies or individuals
• Run to make money
• Sports stadiums, tennis clubs, golf clubs, health clubs
Centres of Excellence
• Offer very good facilities for top class athletes
• Crystal Palace
• Bisham Abbey
• Lilleshall
• Holme Pierrepoint
• Plas-y-Brenin
SPORTING BODIES AND
ORGANISATIONS
National Governing Bodies of sport have 4
main roles:
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To maintain the rules of the sport
and keep the discipline
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To promote the sport
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To organise international competitive
events
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To organise national competitions
Examples of governing bodies are the FA
(Football Association), UKA (UK
Athletics)
SPORT ENGLAND
Aims to:
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Give the UK’s world class
performers excellent support
2.
Improve the UK’s profile and
influence on the international stage
3.
Promote ethical behaviour
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Persuade governing bodies that the
UK is the best place to hold major
sporting events