Transcript Chapter 26, Sec 1-3: Things to Know

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Chapter 26, Sec 1-3: Things to Know
Sec 1 – What was the modern computer developed from?
What was the first computer designed to benefit?
Which company developed the first commercially successful computer?
What is the internet directly responsible for?
What resulted in a decline in US manufacturing jobs?
What did the growth of the service economy cause?
Sec 2 – How did William Jefferson Clinton attract voters in 1992?
How did George HW Bush help Clinton win the presidency in 1992?
What did the Family Medical Leave Act guarantee to most full-time employees?
What did Clinton fail to bring about a change in?
Clinton signed what piece of legislation aimed at deterring gun violence?
Why was Clinton impeached?
What statement about Clinton’s impeachment is true?
Sec 3 – Why did Clinton support free trade blocs?
For participating countries, what did NAFTA call for?
What was one positive affect of economic globalization?
What organizations is the US a member of?
In what country did US intervention fail to stop a civil war?
Why did Clinton send troops to Bosnia?
Why did Osama Bin Laden form al Qaeda in the late 1990s?
Chapter 26 – Into A New Century
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• The 1900s was a century of unparalleled
change.
– In 1903, Orville Wright flew the first airplane.
– Less than 70 years later, Neil Armstrong walked on
the moon.
– Modern technologies were changing our way of
life.
– One of the most important innovations was the
development of the computer.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• What was the modern computer developed from?
• Enemy rivalries during World War II.
• What was the first computer designed to benefit?
• The military.
• The US government funded research that led to the
creation of the first modern computer in 1946. This
huge machine occupied the entire basement of the
research lab.
• What was it used to calculate?
• It was used to calculate artillery ranges and performed
computations for the atomic bomb.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• Soon after WWII, universities and corporations
joined government agencies to develop smaller,
faster, more powerful computers tat could
perform a range of functions.
– Which company developed the first commercially
successful computer?
• The IBM company. It was first created in 1954.
– In the 1960s, the first microchip was created which
gave way to the first microprocessor, a silicon central
processing unit.
• These chips made possible the development of small
computers, called personal computers.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• The computer was first used by hobbyists, then
later used in the business fields as early as the
1980s.
– They were used to transform industries, research labs,
and businesses.
– The technology that they used were later transferred
to the video game, cellular telephone, and other
electronic industries which were all dependent on
microchips and microprocessors.
– Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, and Steve Jobs,
founder of Apple Computers, made the modern
computer affordable for millions of Americans.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• Medical science also benefited from the computer
revolution.
– Scientists developed drugs that extended patients'
lives, reduced pain, and battled a huge number of
diseases.
– It helped them develop artificial hearts and learn how
to transplant organs.
– Biotechnology, or the use of living organisms in the
development of new products, have produced a level
of healthcare unknown to any previous generation.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• Communication was revolutionized by technology.
– The late twentieth century became what is known as the
“information age.”
– They claimed that access to information was access to power.
– Satellite technology helped to increase the speed of global
communication.
• Satellites were originally developed for military purposes
during the Cold War but was first used for civilians in the
1970s by Ted Turner to run the first “superstation,”
broadcasting into cable-equipped households across the
country.
• Cellular telephones used similar technology, allowing people
to communicate away from their homes.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• In the 1970s, various branches of the US government
along with groups in several American universities led
efforts to link computer systems together via cables and
satellites.
– By the 1980s, the Internet, or World Wide Web, had been born,
reaching the general public in the 1990s.
– What is the internet directly responsible for?
• Creating a huge database and research tool. The internet made
communication and access to information almost instantaneous.
• This transformed commerce, education, research, and entertainment.
– The internet was first used to share information for scientists
and scholars, then was used as a research tool and an online
database that anyone could use.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• New communications infrastructures have made
it easier for companies to do global business.
– This has increased globalization, or the process by
which national economies, politics, cultures, and
societies become integrated with those of other
nations around the world.
– Globalization has made more products and services
available to greater numbers of people, often at lower
prices.
– It has also hastened the development of some nations,
but it also has drawbacks…
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• What resulted in a decline in US manufacturing jobs?
– Globalization. Industrial nations have seen their manufacturing
jobs flow out to less developed nations.
– This is because it is cheaper for a manufacturing company to
employ people in other countries to make their goods because
they don’t have to pay them the certain benefits that unions
and other workers demand in the US.
– The service sector grew during globalization. In increase in the
number of lawyers, teachers, doctors, research analysts, police
officers, professional athletes, and movie stars are just an
example.
• Service workers are among the highest paid and lowest paid
people in the United States.
Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions
• Organized labor also went on the decline.
– The rise of the service economy and the decline in American
coal mining, steelmaking, and automobile manufacturing has
had a strong impact on organized labor.
– What did the growth of the service economy cause?
• A decline in US union membership.
– In 1945, about 35 percent of all American workers belonged to
unions. In 2000, less than 15 percent of workers did.
• Blue collar jobs, once the mainstay of American labor,
declined dramatically in the second half of the 20th Century.
• This also resulted in a decline in the average workers’ wages,
especially those of nonprofessional workers.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• During the 1992 Presidential Election, George HW
Bush squared off against William “Bill” Jefferson
Clinton, and Independent Party candidate Ross Perot.
– Bush was Republican and Clinton was Democratic.
– How did William Jefferson Clinton attract voters in 1992?
• He promoted himself as a centrist, which sought to reconcile
liberal and conservative ideals.
• They believed in strong national defense, tough stands on
crime, free trade, welfare reform, and closer ties with
corporations.
• Clinton’s centrist position attracted conservative and liberal
Democrats as well as moderate Republicans.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• By 1992, Clinton was poised to capitalize on
Bush’s political problems.
– He focused on economic and social opportunity.
– How did George HW Bush help Clinton win the
presidency in 1992?
• Bush broke his promise he had made in the 1988 Election of
not increasing taxes.
– Clinton’s message carried the election which saw that
largest voter turnout since 1960 with more than one
hundred million voters.
• Clinton received 43 percent of the popular vote to Bush’s 37
percent and Perot’s 19 percent.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• Early in his presidency, Clinton signed the Family
Medical Leave Act, which was vetoed by Bush despite
having bipartisan support.
– What did the Family Medical Leave Act guarantee to most
full-time employees?
• 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year. It was intended for the
birth and care of a newborn child, to recover from a serious
illness, or to care for an immediate family member with one.
– Healthcare reform headed Clinton’s list of priorities. He
wanted a program that would guarantee care for all
Americans.
• Hillary Clinton was appointed to head a healthcare task force
to investigate the issue.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• The committee conducted several hearings that
produced a long proposal that attracted
immediate criticism.
– What did Clinton fail to bring about a change in?
• Health care.
– The bill never won congressional support and was
ultimately dropped after about a tear of debate.
– Clinton had miscalculated Americans’ faith in the
federal government to solve the country’s social
problems.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• Clinton also tried to address the issue of violence
in American society.
– Clinton signed what piece of legislation aimed at
deterring gun violence?
• The Brady Bill, a gun-control act named for presidential aid
James Brady, who had been wounded in the 1981
assassination attempt of Ronal Reagan.
– Under Clinton, Congress also passed a $30 billion
anticrime bill that increased funding for police and
banned several kinds of assault weapons.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• Georgia congressman Newt Gingrich led the
opposition to Clinton. He was bold and not
interested in compromising with the Democrats.
– Gingrich came up with the Contract With America plan, that
attacked big government and emphasized patriotism and
traditional values. His main goal was to reclaim the House of
Representatives for the Republicans, which the Democrats had
controlled for 58 of the previous 62 years.
• He was successful in his quest during the 1994 Elections,
winning the House back for the Republicans.
– Clinton would go on to win reelection in 1994, which
saw a surprisingly low voter turnout.
• Clinton was put up against Republican Robert “Bob” Dole.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• Clinton had evaded scandals since his first days in
office, many of which had happened before he had
even came in to office.
– The Whitewater investment was a major concern during
Clinton’s terms. It involved some major investments that
the Clintons had made into an Arkansas real estate
company called the Whitewater Development
Corporation.
• The Whitewater investment case was investigated by Janet Reno,
who recommended no criminal charges be filed.
• It was later mandated that a 3 judge panel must review the case
and determine a ruling. Kenneth Starr, the lead investigator, failed
to uncover any conclusive evidence of the Clintons’ guilt, but
some of their associated were convicted.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• In the process of prosecuting Whitewater, Starr
began investigating Clinton’s relationship with a
White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.
– Why was Clinton impeached?
• Because he had lied under oath about the affair. Clinton
later admitted that he had lied. Starr recommended
impeachment.
• Most Americans condemned Clinton’s actions but opposed
impeachment.
• Congressional Democrats also did not believe his behaviors
met the standard of “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes
and Misdemeanors” required by the Constitution for the
impeachment and removal of a President.
Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency
• Nevertheless, the House of Representatives, led
by Republican majority, impeached Clinton on the
charges of perjury and obstruction of justice.
– In January 1999, the Senate tried Clinton. The removal
of a President requires a two-thirds majority of
senators to remove him…
– What statement about Clinton’s impeachment is true?
• It was clear from the beginning of the impeachment trial
that there were not enough cotes in the Senate to convict
Clinton.
• After a short trial, the President was acquitted on both
counts on February 12, 1999.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• As an economic leader, America has had a major
role in globalization. Even so, free trade has been
hotly debated in American politics.
– Americans want the lower costs that free trade creates
but worry about the loss of American jobs to other
countries
– In politics, Republicans generally support big business
and free trade agreements.
– Democrats have been more sympathetic to labor
interests and have often opposed legislation that
would cost American workers’ jobs.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• Clinton, a Republican supported free trade
– Why did Clinton support free trade blocs?
• Because they theoretically increase the prosperity of
particular countries.
– Europe was an example of such a bloc.
– In 1993, a number of European nations established
the European Union (EU) to coordinate monetary and
economic policies.
• By the end of the decade, the EU had adopted a single
currency, the euro, to promote economic efficiency.
• The EU’s combined resources encouraged trade among its
members and challenged the economic leadership of the US.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• The North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) was a direct response to the EU.
– It was originally proposed during the Bush
administration.
– For participating countries, what did NAFTA call for?
• The gradual removal of trade restrictions. It involve the US,
Mexico, and Canada.
– Creating free trade zones in North America would
promote economic growth, reduce prices, increase
exports, and encourage economic investment.
– NAFTA went into effect in 1994, and since then the
three countries have also signed agreements.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• In total, Clinton signed 270 free trade agreements,
including the revisions of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994 and the accords of
the World Trade Organization (WTO).
– GATT’s goal was to reduce tariffs to promote free
trade.
– The WTO replaced GATT, expanding the organization’s
authority to negotiate trade agreements, settle
disputes, and enforce compliance with them.
– Critics complain that the WTO and World Bank favor
business interests over environmental concerns and
workers’ rights.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• There are many critics to the idea of economic
globalization, but there are equally as many
people that agree with it.
– What was one positive affect of economic
globalization?
• People have been exposed to new ideas and technologies.
– What organizations is the US a member of?
• NAFTA, the WTO, and World Bank.
– Normalizing trade – engaging in free trade with
countries rather than imposing sanctions based on
disagreements - can strengthen economic ties.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• America still needed to show its strength on the
global stage, and it would have it’s chance…
– In what country did US intervention fail to stop a civil
war?
• Somalia
– In the late 1980s, civil war broke out in Somalia. By 1991, the
government had disintegrated and the fighting had caused
widespread famine.
– In 1992, the US led a multinational force, later joined by the
UN, to bring about peace and distribute food.
• The coalition fell apart in 1992 when several countries,
including the US, suffered steep casualty rates and withdrew
troops.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• In the Balkans, the collapse of communism broke up the
country of Yugoslavia.
– For decades, the communist leader Tito had contained ethnic and
religious strife. But his death in 1980 and the fall of communism in
1989, left the country with no unifying forces. Soon after, ethnic and
religious hostilities came boiling to the surface.
– In newly independent Bosnia, ethnic and religious rivalries among
Easter Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Bosnian Muslims
eventually led to civil war.
• Serbs, with the help of Serbia0dominated Yugoslavia, attacked Bosnians
and Croats.
• This state-sanctioned mass murder, violence, and rape, known as ethnic
cleansing, shocked the world.
– Why did Clinton send troops to Bosnia?
• To stop the ethnic cleansing of Bosnians and Croats.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• It took the world several years to intervene in the
slaughtering that was going on in Bosnia.
– In the late summer of 1995, Clinton encouraged NATO
to bomb Serbian strongholds
– In December, 1995, the Dayton Accords established a
federated, multinational Bosnia.
• Although he ethnic cleansing had ended, the enforced peace
had not solved the problems of the region.
• In 1998, violence flared up in Kosovo, a Serbian province on
the Adriatic Sea.
• NATO forced the Serbs to withdraw from Kosovo.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• In the 1990s, disputes and fighting between Israelis and
Palestinians grew increasingly fierce.
– In 1993, Palestinians and Israelis conducted secret negotiations
in Oslo, Norway.
• The resulting Declaration of Principles promised Palestinian self-rule in
Jericho and the Gaza Strip, as well as security for the Israelis.
• Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, who had signed the declaration, fell
victim to the fury in 1995 when an Israeli religious fundamentalists
assassinated him.
• In 2000, Clinton invited Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli prime
minister Ehud Barak to Camp David to work on a peace agreement.
• They were close to signing an agreement but Arafat was not satisfied
with and of the proposals.
• Back in Israel, Barak was ousted by Ariel Sharon, who opposed any
concessions to the Palestinians and suicide bombings increased, and
with them, so did crackdowns by the Israeli military.
Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics
• In 1993, a terrorist group called al Qaeda exploded a bomb in the
World Trade Center in NYC, killing six people and injuring more
than one thousand others.
– Why did Osama Bin Laden form al Qaeda in the late 1990s?
• To end American involvement in the Middle East.
• Bin Laden is a wealthy Saudi businessman who had fought in
Afghanistan in the 1980s on the side of Islamic fundamentalists.
– Five years after the bombing of the World trade Center, al Qaeda set off
car bombs at American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania.
• The blasts killed 225 people and injured more than 5500 others.
– In 2000, al Qaeda bombed the USS Cole, an American warship anchored
off the coast of Yemen, killing 17 American sailors.
– These attacks angered Americans and frustrated politicians, who were
learning that fighting terrorism would be extremely difficult.