Transcript Unit 3 Lesson 4 (sec 4)


A preposition is a word that shows the
relationship of a noun or a pronoun,
called the object of the preposition, to
another word in the sentence.
Preposition
Object
of preposition
› Example: He squeezed under the gate.

Some commonly used prepositions are
listed in the following slide:
About
At
In
To
Above
Behind
From
Through
Across
Beside
Into
Toward
Against
Between
Near
Under
Among
By
Of
Upon
Around
For
Over
with

Use between when speaking of two
people or things; use among when
speaking of more than two.
› Examples:
 Divide the money between the two siblings.
 Divide the money among all three siblings.

Use different from in most instances. Use
different than only to avoid awkward
phrasing, especially when followed by a
clause.
› Examples:
 City life is different from country life.
 Awkward: Teenagers today are not much
different from the way they were in the past.
 Better: Teenagers today are not much different
than they were in the past.

Underline the correct preposition given
in parentheses.
› I walked down an alley (between / among)
two buildings.
› The four officers decided (between /
among) themselves which one of them
would take the first watch.
› I look very (different from / different than)
everyone else in my family.

A conjunction is a word used to join words
or groups of words together.
› The co-ordinating conjunctions and, but, yet, so,
or, for, and nor join two or more words, phrases,
or clauses of equal rank in the sentence.
› Subordinating conjunctions, such as while,
because, unless, although, if, since, as, when,
and until, join elements of unequal rank in the
sentence. They can be placed at the beginning
or in the middle of a sentence.
› Correlative conjunctions, such as either ... Or,
neither ... Nor, not only ... But also, and both
... And join two equal parts of a sentence.
 Example: Tally was not only hungry, but also
exhausted.

Underline the conjunctions. Then write C
for co-ordinating, S for subordinating, or
CR for correlative.
› The ostrich is not only the largest, but also the
fastest bird in the world.
› The cave was full of both stalagmites and
stalacities.
› As water trickles through the roof of a cave,
it leaves behind traces of minerals, and
these slowly build up to form stalactites.

A double negative occurs when there
are two negative words in a sentence.
The two negatives cancel themselves
out and make a positive.
› Example:
 Double negative: You are not going nowhere.
 Negative: You are going nowhere.
 Negative: You are not going anywhere.

Rewrite each sentence in two different
ways, eliminating the double negative.
› I wouldn’t never be caught in public
wearing some of those designer fashions!
› I can’t hardly hear a thing over all that
racket!

Phrases can act as nouns, adjectives, or
adverbs in a sentence.
› A prepositional phrase is a group of words
that begins with a preposition and ends with
a noun or pronoun.
 Example:
 in the ground
 by New Year’s
 Except me
› Prepositional phrases usually act as
adjectives or adverbs in a sentence.
 Examples:
Antecedent
prep. phrase
 Adjective: The woman with red hair is the senior resident.
Antecedent
prep. phrase
 Adverb: Maria ran to the store.
For each preposition below: Write a sentence using the preposition in a
phrase that functions as an adjective. Then write another sentence for each
preposition, this time using it in a phrase that functions as an adverb.
Above
Beyond
During
Around

An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive
along with any words that modify the
infinitive.
› Example: I am learning to ride a horse.

Infinitive phrases can act as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence.
› Examples:
 Noun: To defrost the chicken will take some time.
 Adjective: Her desire to get home quickly grew
stronger.
 Adverb: I came to see you.

Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether a
phrase that comes after a verb is acting
as an adverb or as a direct object.
Generally, adverbs answer the questions
How? When? Why? Where? Or To what
degree? A direct object answers the
question What?
› Example:
 I hope (what?) to meet you. [direct object]
 We laughed (why?) to relieve the tension. [adverb]

Participial phrases contain a present or
past participle along with any words that
modify the participial. Participial phrases
function as adjectives in a sentence.
› Examples:
 Taking careful aim, Michael shot the dart at
the bull’s-eye.
 Frightened by the thunder, my dog cowered
under the bed.
Write one sentence that contains a
participial phrase, and one sentence
that contains a gerund phrase.
 Fill in the blank with the correct form of
the noun or pronoun in parentheses.

› Veronica loved the idea of (we) making
supper.
› (Pat) crying has nothing to do with us.
› (You) singing might have disturbed the
baby.

A misplaced modifier is a word or phrase
that appears to modify the wrong word.
To avoid misplaced modifiers, place
modifying words or phrases as close as
possible to the word they modify.
› Examples:
 Misplaced: Safe and sound, the firefighter
carried the baby out of the smoky apartment.
 Corrected: The firefighter carried the baby,
safe and sound, out of the smoky apartment.