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South Asia Regional Training on Social
Accountability Tools
September 18-20, Kathmandu, Nepal
Session on
An introduction to Governance &
Accountability
About CUTS International
• Indian origin International Organization headquartered in
Jaipur, India.
• Established in 1983, pursuing social justice and economic
equity within and across borders.
• CUTS has five programme centre and six resource centers:
seven in India, two in Africa (Lusaka & Nairobi), one in
Geneva and one in Hanoi and have direct interventions in
about 35 countries.
• Good Governance is one of the key programmatic area.
Working in the area of promoting transparency and
accountability at all levels of governance through increased
people’s participation from its inception
• Details can be seen at: www.cuts-international.org
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SAc: Journey of CUTS
Year
Sector
Partner Agency
Tools used
19992002
State Accountability Project (SAP)
Ford
Foundation
Budget
Analysis
2003
Schemes and Programmes for Children
Govt. of
Rajasthan
Budget
Analysis
2001-07
Power Sector Reforms
FES, Germany
CMC
2005-06
Measuring the Effectiveness of Mid Day Meal
Scheme (MDMS)
World Bank,
Washington DC
PETS & CRC
2006
India Budget Process
IBP, WDC
Peer Review
2007-08
Combating Corruption
PTF, WDC
RTI
2008-09
Assessing outputs of NREGS
World Bank
CRC/CSC/PETS
2008-10
Power Sector Reform in India, Bangladesh &
Nepal
NORAD
CRC
2009-10
Reforming Processing in Rural Development
Dept., Rajasthan, India
PTF, WDC
RTI
2009-10
Absenteeism & Service Delivery Monitoring in
Health Sector (PATP)
R4D, WDC
CMC & CRC
2010-12
Developing a culture of good governance
ANSA-SAR
CSC
2012
Community of Practice on Social Accountability
ANSA-SAR
2012-13
MyCity: Improving quality of Urban Governance
Asia Foundation
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CRC, PSI
International Affiliations/
Memberships
• South Asia Social Accountability Network (SASANet)
• International Resource team on SAc of the WBI from 2007
• Communication for Governance and Accountability Program
(CommGAP) of the World Bank
• Demand for Good Governance (DFGG) Learning Network
• Affiliated Network on Social Accountability – South Asia Region
(ANSA-SAR)
• Freedom of Information Advocates Network (FOIANET)
• Governance Assessment Portal of UNDP Oslo Governance
Centre
• In addition to India, hands on experience in working in Sri
Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Nepal on SAc tools.
Framework for Accountability Relationships
Making Services Workable for the Poor (WDR 2004)
Demand Side
Approaches
Supply Side
Approaches
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Good Governance
• Good governance is a term used to describe
how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public
resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights
and sustainable development.
• Governance describes "the process of decision-making, the
process by which decisions are implemented (or not
implemented) and the process by which power is exercised for
the optimum utilization of economic and social resources for
development“.
• The term governance can apply to corporate, international,
national, local governance
Governance & Key Elements
• Accountability can be defined as the obligation of powerholders to account for their actions and behavior
• Transparency, when used in a social context, implies
openness, communication, and accountability
• Access to Information: Not piecemeal access to information,
but deliberately and systematically integrating information in the
debate on fundamental public issues to make the governance
transparent
Why Social Accountability
• Citizens have the right to demand accountability and the State
or the public actors have an obligation to be accountable to its
citizens.
• Fundamental principle of democracy
• Contract between the state and its citizens
• Breach of contract and failure of existing mechanisms to ensure
accountability, resulted in emergence of social accountability
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What is SAc: Definition
• Social accountability is an approach towards
building accountability that relies on civic engagement in which,
ordinary citizens and/or civil society organizations participate
directly or indirectly in exacting accountability
• SAc mechanisms refer to a broad range of actions (beyond
voting) that citizens, communities and civil society organizations
can use to hold government officials and bureaucrats
accountable.
• SAc mechanisms can be initiated and supported by the state,
citizens or both. But very often they are demand-driven and
operate from the bottom up
SAc Mechanisms-various aspects
• Information & Transparency (Right to Information, Websites,
Community Radio, information sharing)
– Promote and create two-way-communication between
government and citizens through access, disclosure, and
dissemination of information and transparency norms
• Participation & Consultation (Participatory Budgeting)
– Encourage and mediate opportunities to build multi-stakeholder
coalitions that combine public and political will for policies, public
spending and project planning
• Monitoring & Oversight (CRCs, CSC, PETS, Social Audits)
– Empower and encourage citizens, civil society and the media to
enact their rights to supervise and oversee policies, programs,
projects, and services
• Capacity Building (WB, ANSA, CUTS)
– Educate and enable civil society, authorities, and the media to
effectively participate in a multi-stakeholder debate of policies,
programs, projects, and services
Why is it important?
Social
Accountability
Citizen
Empowerment
Dev.
Effectiveness
Good
Governance
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Change in Approaches
• From ‘Screaming’ to collective ‘VOICES’ by Citizens
• From ‘Shouting’ to ‘Counting’ - quantify voice and
feedback
• From Reaction (demonstration) to Informed Action
• From Episodic (broken up) to Organized Action
• From Confrontational to “Win-Win” situations
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Public Expenditure Management
• Resources allocated fail to reach the intended beneficiaries
• Lack of Accountability: Inefficiency, ineffectiveness and lack of
transparency in the process, resulting in week delivery and
poor quality of services.
Leakages/corruption/Absenteeism
week delivery mechanism/
poor spending
Unlimited
????
funding
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PARTICIPATORY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MANAGEMENT
4 STAGE PROCESS
 Budget Formulation
How public resources are allocated
 Budget Review
Diagnosing the implications of the budget
when formed
 Expenditure Tracking
Seeing where the money goes
 Performance Monitoring
After the money is spent, see how the
output/service is performing
Each of
these stages
can be
carried out in
a
participatory
manner. That
is PPEM.
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Governance & Corruption
Governance
The manner in which the State
acquires and exercises its
authority to provide public
goods and services
Corruption
Using public office for
private gain
Corruption is an outcome – a consequence of ‘break downs’
in the governance system
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Existing SAc tools?
• Budget Analysis
• Participatory Budgeting
• Social Audi
• Right to Information
• Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS)
• Citizen's Charter
• Public Hearing
• Citizens’ Juries
• Citizens Report Card (CRC)
• Community Score Card (CSC)
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Key Challenges
• Integrating Social Accountability aspects in design of supply
side institutions and service delivery approaches to
institutionalize them with required budgetary support
• Providing Demand-side stimulus for accountability and good
governance for involving users and local service providers in
giving feedback and exacting accountability
• Critical mass of in-country demand side practitioners and
networks
Improving Outcomes through Feedback
State Government
Redesign Programs
District Administration/
Government
Accountability
Feedback
Reallocate Resources
Improved Quality of
Service Delivery
Education Service Provider
Feedback
Services
SAc Approaches
Outcomes
Development Outcomes
• Improved
Citizen Report Cards
Community Score Cards
Public Expenditure
Tracking Surveys
Right to Information (RTI)
Compliance
Quality of Service Delivery
• Program Redesign and Resource Reallocation
to Improve Program Effectiveness and Public
Expenditure Efficiency
• Improved Governance through Demand Side
Approaches in Governance
Institutional Outcomes
• Institutionalization
of continuous user feedback
mechanisms
• Formation of community-Govt.-NGO
partnerships for implementation of development
programs
•Stronger linkages between local governments
and civil society
Thanks
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