Transcript Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries
to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
1
Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609
New Maritime Technologies
This device was used to
measure the angles of
the sun and stars above
the horizon. It was difficult
to use accurately in rough
seas
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
& Better Maps
New Maritime Technology
Caravel
This ship combined the square sails of
European vessels with the lateen
(triangular) sails of their Arab counterparts.
The new rigging made it easier to sail
across and into the wind.
Portugal’s Voyages to the East
1
By the 1400s, Portugal had
expanded into Muslim North Africa.
Henry the Navigator sent ships to
explore the western coast of
Africa.
In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached
the spice port of Calicut in India.
In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias
rounded the southern tip of Africa,
later called the Cape of Good
Hope.
The Portuguese seized key ports
around the Indian Ocean to create
a vast trading empire.
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Columbus’s Voyages to the
West
1
Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach the
Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across the
Atlantic.
Columbus believed that the land that he reached was the
Indies. In fact, he had found a route to continents
previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later
became known as the West Indies.
When Columbus returned, Spain and Portugal both rushed
to claim the lands Columbus had explored.
Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation, giving to
Spain rights to any land west of the line and to Portugal,
rights to any land east of the line.
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
1
Exploring the Americas
Europeans continued to seek new routes around or
through the Americas.
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovered a passage through
Panama to an ocean which he called the South Sea.
Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the
southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean
its name. His crew became the first people to
circumnavigate, or sail around, the world.
John Cabot discovered Newfoundland in his unsuccessful
quest to find a northwest passage to Asia.
Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River.
Henry Hudson explored what would become known as the
Hudson River.
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
1
Section 1 Assessment
Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern
tip
of Africa?
a) Ferdinand Magellan
b) Bartholomeu Dias
c) Vasco da Gama
d) Jacques Cartier
Christopher Columbus set out to
a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic.
b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic.
c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip
of Africa.
d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern
tip of Africa.
.
1
Section 1 Assessment
Who was the first European explorer to sail around the
southern tip
of Africa?
a) Ferdinand Magellan
b) Bartholomeu Dias
c) Vasco da Gama
d) Jacques Cartier
Christopher Columbus set out to
a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic.
b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the
Atlantic.
c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern
tip of Africa.
d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the
southern tip of Africa.
3
Portuguese and Dutch Trading Empires
Portugal used firepower to win control of the rich Indian
Ocean spice trade.
In less than 50 years, the Portuguese had built a trading
empire with military and merchant outposts rimming the
southern seas.
Despite their sea power, the Portuguese were not strong
enough to conquer much territory on land.
The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese
domination is Asia.
They used their sea power to set up colonies and trading
posts around the world.
The Dutch East India Company seized Malacca from the
Portuguese. Soon after, they were able to enforce a
monopoly in the Spice Islands, controlling shipments to
Europe as well as much of the trade within Southeast Asia.
3
Spain and the Philippines
In 1521, Magellan had claimed the Philippines for Spain.
Within fifty years, Spain had conquered and colonized the
islands.
Unlike other people in Southeast Asia, the Filipinos were not
united. As a result, they were easily conquered.
The Philippines became a key link to Spain’s overseas trading
empire. The Spanish shipped silver mined in Mexico and Peru
across the Pacific to the Philippines. From there, they used the
silver to buy goods in China.
3
Mughal India and European Traders
Before the 1700s, the Mughal empire was larger, richer, and
more powerful than any kingdom in Europe.
•
•
While European merchants were dazzled by India, the sophisticated
Mughal civilization was unimpressed by the Europeans.
When Europeans sought trading rights, the Mughal emperors saw no
threat in granting them.
In the early 1700s, the Mughal central government collapsed.
•
•
French and English traders battled each other for control of India,
while war erupted in Europe between England and France.
The British East India Company used an army of British troops and
sepoys to drive the French out, take over Bengal, and spread its
influence into other parts of India.
3
Section 3
Assessment
Who successfully challenged Portuguese domination in Asia?
a) the English
b) the Spanish
c) the Dutch
d) the French
What happened when the Mughal central government collapsed?
a) The Portuguese and the Dutch fought to control trade in India.
b) The British and the French fought to control trade in India.
c) The Portuguese and the Dutch fought to control trade in India.
d) The Dutch and the French fought to control trade in India.
3
Section 3
Assessment
Who successfully challenged Portuguese domination in Asia?
a) the English
b) the Spanish
c) the Dutch
d) the French
What happened when the Mughal central government collapsed?
a) The Portuguese and the Dutch fought to control trade in India.
b) The British and the French fought to control trade in India.
c) The Portuguese and the Dutch fought to control trade in India.
d) The Dutch and the French fought to control trade in India.
4
European Trade With China
The Europeans who reached Asia in the 1500s were very
impressed by what they saw . The Chinese, however, saw the
Europeans as “southern barbarians,” lacking civilized ways.
The Ming dynasty had ended overseas exploration in the mid1400s.
Portuguese traders reached China by sea in 1514. The Ming
eventually allowed them a trading post at Macao. Because
they were uninterested in European trading products, the Ming
demanded payment for Chinese goods in gold or silver.
After the Manchus conquered China, the Manchu Qing dynasty
maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign trade.
The Europeans continued to press to expand trade to other
areas of China.
Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’
long and 160’ wide!
1371-1435
Zheng He’s Voyages
4
Japan and Foreign Traders
The Japanese at first welcomed western traders.
They acquired western firearms and built castles modeled on the
European design.
The Tokugawa shoguns grew increasingly hostile toward foreigners.
They saw the foreigners as agents of an invading force.
They suspected that the many Japanese Christians were loyal to the pope,
rather than to Japanese leaders.
They disliked the competition among Christian missionaries.
By 1638, the Tokugawas had barred all western merchants and
forbidden Japanese to travel abroad. They also ended foreign
trade.
4
Section 4 Assessment
What policy did the Qing adopt regarding foreign trade?
a) They gave unlimited trading rights to the Portuguese.
b) They maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign
trade.
c) They maintained the Ming policy of allowing unlimited
trade with Europe.
d) They limited foreign trade even more than the Ming had.
Which of the following was not an action taken by the Tokugawas
in 1638?
a) They banned all western merchants.
b) They forbid Japanese to travel abroad.
c) They ended foreign trade.
d) They agreed to continue limited trading with the Spanish.
4
Section 4 Assessment
What policy did the Qing adopt regarding foreign trade?
a) They gave unlimited trading rights to the Portuguese.
b) They maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign
trade.
c) They maintained the Ming policy of allowing unlimited
trade with Europe.
d) They limited foreign trade even more than the Ming
had.
Which of the following was not an action taken by the
Tokugawas in 1638?
a) They banned all western merchants.
b) They forbid Japanese to travel abroad.
c) They ended foreign trade.
d) They agreed to continue limited trading with the
Spanish.
Works Cited
Images from:
Corbis.com
Web Gallary of Art: www.wga.hu
• Ellis, E.G., & Esler. (2005). A. World History:
Connections to Today. Upper Saddle
River, New
Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Also Modified from PowerPoint by
Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
1
First Encounters
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the
West Indies, in the Caribbean. He encountered
the Taíno people, who were friendly and generous
toward the Spanish.
Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed
in the wake of Columbus. They settled on
Caribbean islands, seized gold from the Taínos,
and forced them to convert to Christianity.
Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza
carried by the Europeans wiped out village after
native village. Native Americans had no
immunity, or resistance, to such diseases.
1
The Conquistadors
CORTÉS IN MEXICO
Hernan Cortés landed on the
Mexican coast in 1519.
Cortés arranged alliances with
discontented peoples who hated
their Aztec overlords.
The Aztec emperor,
Moctezuma, thought Cortés
might be a god. He offered
tribute to Cortés and welcomed
him to Tenochtitlán.
When relations grew strained,
the Aztecs drove the Spanish
out of Tenochtitlán.
In 1521, Cortés returned and
captured and demolished
Tenochtitlán.
PIZARRO IN PERU
Francisco Pizarro arrived in
Peru in 1532, just after the
conclusion of a bloody civil
war.
Helped by Indian allies,
Pizarro captured the new
king, Atahualpa, and killed
thousands of his followers.
The Spanish then overran
the Incan heartland.
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
1
Land Claims in the
Americas
By 1675, Spain,
France, Britain,
and Portugal
possessed
sizable
overseas
empires.Trade
ships carried
goods between
Europe and the
Americas and
Africa.
1
Why Were the Spanish Victorious?
The Spanish had superior military technology, such as
muskets, cannons, and armor. They used horses,
which frightened some Indians, who had never seen
such animals.
The Spanish were able to take advantage of division
and discontent among the Indians. In fact, Indians
provided the Spanish with much of their fighting power.
Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the
Aztecs and Incas.
T he Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
1
Section 1 Assessment
Which of the following countries did not have land claims in
North America in 1675?
a) Spain
b) England
c) France
d) Portugal
Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés?
a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with
the Spanish.
b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god.
c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for
Spanish culture.
d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the
wealth of the Aztec empire.
1
Section 1 Assessment
Which of the following countries did not have land claims in
North America in 1675?
a) Spain
b) England
c) France
d) Portugal
Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés?
a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with
the Spanish.
b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god.
c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for Spanish
culture.
d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the wealth
of the Aztec empire.
2
Ruling the Spanish Empire
In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from
California to South America.
GOVERNMENT
Spain was determined to
maintain strict control over its
empire.
The empire was divided into
five provinces, each of which
was ruled by a viceroy.
The Council of the Indies
helped pass laws for the
colonies.
THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH
The Church worked with the
government to convert Native
Americans to Christianity.
Church leaders often served as
royal officials.
Spanish missionaries forcibly
imposed European culture over
Native American culture.
THE ECONOMY
The Spanish grew sugar cane,
which was grown on
plantations and required large
numbers of workers.
At first, the Spanish forced the
Native Americans to work
under brutal conditions.
Later, the colonists began
shipping slaves from Africa to
do their work.
2
Colonial Society
In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise
to a new social structure.
Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of
society.
Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish
settlers, were next.
Mestizos were people of Native American and European
descent.
Mulattoes were people of African and European
descent.
Native Americans and people of African descent formed
the lowest social classes.
T he Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
2
Challenging Spanish Power
To get around Spain’s strict control over colonial
trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish
colonists.
Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on
Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates,
called privateers, even operated with the approval
of European governments.
The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other
gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia.
2
Section 2 Assessment
Which of the following is true of the Spanish empire?
a) It was divided into four provinces.
b) Each province was ruled by a viceroy.
c) Spain allowed the colonists to have economic control of
the
colonies.
d) The Spanish were tolerant of the religious practices of
the Native
Americans within the colonies.
Which group was at the top of colonial society?
a) creoles
b) mestizos
c) peninsulares
d) mulattoes
2
Section 2 Assessment
Which of the following is true of the Spanish empire?
a) It was divided into four provinces.
b) Each province was ruled by a viceroy.
c) Spain allowed the colonists to have economic control of
the
colonies.
d) The Spanish were tolerant of the religious practices of
the Native
Americans within the colonies.
Which group was at the top of colonial society?
a) creoles
b) mestizos
c) peninsulares
d) mulattoes
3
Land Claims in the Americas About 1750
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
3
New France
Throughout the 1500s, French fishing ships
harvested fish off Newfoundland. However, the
French did not build permanent settlements until
1608.
Helped by Native American allies, French
explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming
vast territory.
Wealthy landowners sought settlers to farm the
land, but the harsh Canadian climate attracted
few French peasants. Thus, the population of
New France grew slowly.
In the late 1600s, the French king began to exert
greater control over political and economic
activities in New France.
3
The 13 English Colonies
In the 1600s and 1700s, the English
established 13 colonies in North America.
Some, like Virginia and New York, were
commercial ventures. Others, like
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland, were set up as havens for
persecuted religious groups.
Like the rulers of Spain and France,
English monarchs asserted control over
their American colonies. Yet, English
colonists enjoyed a large degree of selfgovernment.
3
Competition for Power
By the 1600s, Spain, France, Britain, and the
Netherlands were competing for colonies and
trade around the world. All four had colonies in
North America, where they often fought over
territory.
During the 1700s, Britain and France clashed in
a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven
Years’ War. In North America, they battled
each other in the French and Indian War. The
Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the worldwide war, ensured British dominance in North
America.
As settlers claimed more and more North
American land, Native Americans resisted their
advance. Bitter fighting resulted. Little by little,
the Indians were pushed westward.
3
Section 3 Assessment
In 1750, what European power controlled the west coast of
North
America?
a) the Dutch
b) the French
c) the Spanish
d) the British
Which of the following colonies was set up as a haven for
persecuted religious groups?
a) New York
b) Pennsylvania
c) Virginia
d) New France
3
Section 3 Assessment
In 1750, what European power controlled the west coast of
North
America?
a) the Dutch
b) the French
c) the Spanish
d) the British
Which of the following colonies was set up as a haven for
persecuted religious groups?
a) New York
b) Pennsylvania
c) Virginia
d) New France
T he Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming
of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves
with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported
to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
4
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill the
need for labor in Spain’s American empire.
Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved
Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar
plantations in the Americas.
Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize
captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade
posts and fortresses.
The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves
increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury
goods increased in Africa.
4
Triangular Trade
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a threelegged trade network know as the triangular trade.
4
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved
Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2
million probably died during the Middle Passage.
The slave trade caused the decline of some
African states. In West Africa, the loss of
countless numbers of young women and men
resulted in some small states disappearing
forever.
At the same time, new African states arose
whose way of life depended on the slave trade.
The rulers of these new states waged war
against other Africans in order to gain control of
the slave trade in their region.
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
5
The Columbian Exchange
When Columbus returned to
Spain in 1493, he brought
with him “new” plants and
animals. Later that year, he
returned to the Americas
with some 1,200 settlers and
a collection of European
animals and plants.
In this way, Columbus began
a vast global exchange that
would have a profound effect
on the world.
T he “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
5
Mercantilism
European monarchs adopted a new economic policy,
known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their
national economies.
According the mercantilism, a nation’s real wealth is
measured in its gold and silver treasure. To build its
supply of gold and silver, a nation must export more
goods than it imports.
Overseas empires and colonies existed for the benefit
of the parent nation. Rulers needed to adopt policies
to increase national wealth and government
revenues.
To achieve these goals, European governments
• passed strict laws regulating trade with their
colonies.
• exploited natural resources, built roads, and backed
new industries.
• imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.