Transcript Status Report: development of new courses for Piloting

United States Power Squadrons
®
Advanced Piloting Course
Chapter 4
Avoidance Techniques
Navigation from a different Perspective
 What you have learned:
• Point-to-point navigation
 Primary technique in Piloting & AP
 Pre-qualify the path, follow the path
 Alternative & complementary approach
• Navigating to avoid
 Avoid shallow water
 Avoid hazards
 Avoid restricted areas
• Chapter 4
 Danger Bearings, Circles
 Avoidance Techniques
Slide 2
First Step
 Determining what to avoid
• Examine chart for region of interest
• Identify:
 Region for boating
» Limits of latitude and longitude
» Harbors or bays
 Hazards
» Rocks
» Obstacles
» Shallow water
 Charted, visible reference points
» Navigation aids
» Landmarks
Slide 3
Determining the Avoidance Area
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 4
Danger Bearings
 Intent:
• By monitoring bearing to a landmark
 Stay away from danger
 SKILL
• Plotting and Labeling Danger Bearings
• Monitoring the bearing on the water
Slide 5
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 6
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 7
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 8
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 9
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 10
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 11
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 12
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 13
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 14
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 15
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 16
Constructing a Danger Bearing
Slide 17
Monitoring Position
 Danger Bearings
• Visual bearings
 Hand-bearing compass
 Monitor bearing to landmark
• GPS bearings
 Enter landmark as waypoint
 Monitor GPS bearing to landmark
Slide 18
Using Danger Bearings
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 19
Danger Sector
Slide 20
Exercise 4-1 – Danger Bearing
 Take out Bowditch Bay chart
 Plot and label danger bearing
Slide 21
Solution to Exercise 4-1
Slide 22
Crosstrack Error
 Feature in GPS
• Data Field
 Indicates deviation from course line
 Left or Right of intended course
 Distance in feet or nautical miles
• Alarm
 An alarm can be set
 Sounds if exceed crosstrack error
Slide 23
Crosstrack Error
 Uses
• Stay close to course line
• Boat freely within lateral limits
 Sailing
Slide 24
Crosstrack Error – Avoid Hazards
Slide 25
Determining an Avoidance Region
alarm upon exit
rhumb line
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 26
Using Crosstrack Error
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 27
Exercise 4-2
 Using Bowditch Bay chart
 Plot & label – Crosstrack Error
Slide 28
Solution to Exercise 4-2
Slide 29
Danger Circles
 Danger circles
 Similar concept to danger bearing
 Danger is within or outside of the circle
 Measuring a danger circle
• GPS
 Anchor watch (stay within the circle)
 Avoidance waypoint (stay outside the circle)
 Alarmed
• Radar
 Monitor radius to an object
 Guard zone
– Alarmed
Slide 30
Avoidance Waypoint
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 31
Using Danger Circles
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 32
Danger Circles
Slide 33
Exercise 4-3 – Danger Circles
 Take out Bowditch Bay chart
 Plot and label – danger circle
• Use radar VRM
Slide 34
Solution to Exercise 4-3
Slide 35
Putting it all Together
Slide 36
Danger Bearing - 1
Slide 37
Danger Bearing - 2
Slide 38
Danger Bearings Define Entrance
Slide 39
Alternative – GPS Bearing + XTE
Slide 40
Danger Circles
Slide 41
Putting it all Together
Slide 42
Other Avoidance Techniques
 GPS
• Mark boundaries
 Linear boundary (artificial buoys)
 Cardinal boundary (N-S-E-W of danger)
 Digital Chart Navigation
• Computer
 Create any shape for a danger area
 Tied to an alarm
 Can select exit or entrance alarm
– Alarm when leave (e.g., anchor watch)
– Alarm when enter (e.g., danger area)
Slide 43
Adding Waypoints to Define Shallows
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 44
Alarms on a Chart Screen
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 45
Safe Area Alarm
© 2004 “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 46
Questions ? … Comments
Slide 47