Transcript Political Geography Review

Political
Geography
Review
Kaplan Review Book
7 things to learn from this
chapter
 1)
A nation is a group of people with
common cultural characteristics, whereas
a state is an area with defined boundaries
that has sovereignty within its borders. A
nation-state is a country whose political
boundaries correspond with its cultural
boundaries
 Iraq
is a state divided between 3 nations
 Sunni Muslims
 Shiite Muslims
 Kurds
 Disputes over political power of the state
 Nation-state:
when cultural boundaries
correspond with state boundaries
 Same ethnicity, speak same language,
practice the same religion
 Examples:
Japan & Denmark
A
______ is a group of people with a
common political identity, and a ______ is
a country with recognized borders
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Territory…federalism
Nation….territory
State…nation
Nation….state
Territory….state
A
______ is a group of people with a
common political identity, and a ______ is
a country with recognized borders
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Territory…federalism
Nation….territory
State…nation
Nation….state
Territory….state
 For
many years, French Canadians from
Quebec sought ____, or the right to
govern themselves and to establish their
own independent state
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Nationalism
Self-determination
Anticolonialism
Reapportionment
colonization
 For
many years, French Canadians from
Quebec sought ____, or the right to
govern themselves and to establish their
own independent state
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Nationalism
Self-determination: Sovereignty
Anticolonialism
Reapportionment
colonization
7 things to learn from this
chapter

2) The Heartland Theory established by
MacKinder suggests that whoever owns the
Heartland of Eastern Europe will control the
world. The Rimland Theory by Nicholas
Spykman suggest that sea power is more
valuable and that alliances will keep the
Heartland in check. The Domino Theory, a
response to the spread of communism,
suggested that when one country falls, others
around it will experience the same political
instability
 Which
international organization could
best be incorporated into Spykman’s
Rimland Theory?
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United Nations
European Union
NATO
NAFTA
Warsaw Pact
 Which
international organization could
best be incorporated into Spykman’s
Rimland Theory?
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United Nations
European Union
NATO: Military Alliance between Western
European countries
NAFTA
Warsaw Pact
7 things to learn from this
chapter
 3)
Colonialism has had a profound impact
on the world today. The major colonial
powers were Great Britain, Portugal, Spain
and France. Meinig’s colonial empire
themes describe how these empires were
colonized. Great Britain and France used
the settler empire, Portugal used the sea
empire, and Spain used the land empire
Types of Empires
 Meinig,
geographer at Syracuse University
 Created a list of 3 different empires
Europeans used when colonizing an area
 Land Empire: involves conquest by force
 Sea Empire: use sea power to control an
area
 Settlement Empire: settlers establish
colony over long period of time
Land Empire
 Involves
conquest by force
 Armies attack & take resources by force
 “Might makes right”
 Ex: Spanish in Mexico
Sea Empire
 Used
sea power to control area
 Settlements along coast
 Excursions to interior for goods
 Then shipped off to home country
 Ex: Portuguese in Brazil
Settlement Empire
 Settlers
intend to stay a long time
 Establish a settlement
 Send resources/agric products to home
country
 Supplies provided by home country
 Eventually become independent & pay
back home country
 Ex: British in US & French in SE Asia
7 things to learn from this
chapter
 4)
Ethnicity is determined by race, skin
color, language, religion and other
factors. Race is different from ethnicity
and is determined by perceived
inheritable biological characteristics
 Previous
Chapter in our Textbook
 The
civil war in Rwanda is most closely an
example of
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A religious conflict
An ethnic conflict
A pluralism conflict
Ethnocentrism
An ethnic enclave
 The
civil war in Rwanda is most closely an
example of
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A religious conflict
An ethnic conflict: Hutu & Tutsi tribes
A pluralism conflict
Ethnocentrism
An ethnic enclave
7 things to learn from this
chapter
 5)
There are five shapes to countries:
compact, elongated, fragmented,
perforated and prorupted. Each of these
has advantages and disadvantages
Shape
Description
Example
Pros
Cons
Compact
Circle/square
Uruguay
Poland
communication
resources
Elongated
Long & skinny
Chile
Transportation
Isolation
Fragmented
Not attached/ US: Alaska
Islands
Indonesia
Difficult to be
invaded entirely
Communicatio
n
transportation
Perforated
Hole in
country
South Africa Enclave has its
own state
Communicatio
n
transportation
Prorupted
Eruption off
country
Namibia
Caprivi Strip
Fiercely fought
over
Access to a raw
material
 Which
of the following states is the best
example of an enclave?
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Lesotho
Gambia
Brazil
Belize
Papua New Guinea
 Which
of the following states is the best
example of an enclave?
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Lesotho: In South Africa
Gambia
Brazil
Belize
Papua New Guinea
 Which
of the following is best example of
a perforated state?
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France
Vatican City
Singapore
Ecuador
Italy
 Which
of the following is best example of
a perforated state?
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France
Vatican City
Singapore
Ecuador
Italy: has 2 states completely inside, San
Marino & Vatican City
7 things to learn from this
chapter
 6)Supranational
organizations, such as the
European Union and the United Nations
have a strong influence on the world’s
political climate
 The
United Nations’ International Law of
the Sea gave countries access to drill for
mineral rights up to how many miles from
shore
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3 miles
10 miles
12 miles
100 miles
200 miles
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The United Nations’ International Law of the
Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral
rights up to how many miles from shore
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3 miles
10 miles
12 miles
100 miles
200 miles to explore/exploit resources
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3 mile limit applies to foreign ships
 Supranationalism
extends state borders
through outside organizations for
economic and/or political cooperation
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European Union
NAFTA
NATO
OPEC
7 things to learn from this
chapter
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7) Boundary disputes arise for various reasons.
Some arise from the demarcation of the
boundary, while others arise from the
allocation of resources along the border.
Inappropriate boundary lines in Africa led to
wars from the moment they were drawn,
because European countries used geometric
and physical features to establish boundaries
in Africa instead of cultural features, such as
language and religion
 The
redrawing of political districts for
political gain is termed what?
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Reapportionment
Core-periphery federalism
Gerrymandering
Immigrant statehood
Electoral regions
 The
redrawing of political districts for
political gain is termed what?
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Reapportionment
Core-periphery federalism
Gerrymandering
Immigrant statehood
Electoral regions
 _____forces
work to pull countries apart,
while ______ forces work to bind them
together
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Centripetal….centrifugal
Centrifugal…centripetal
Communist…democratic
Capitalist…socialist
Socialist…centripetal
 _____forces
work to pull countries apart,
while ______ forces work to bind them
together
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Centripetal….centrifugal
Centrifugal…centripetal
Communist…democratic
Capitalist…socialist
Socialist…centripetal
 Which
of the following was a centrifugal
force in the India/Pakistan relationship in
the late 1940s?
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Commonality of Language
Commonality of Religion
Differences in Political border interpretation
Differences in religion
Commonality of climate
 Which
of the following was a centrifugal
force in the India/Pakistan relationship in
the late 1940s?
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Commonality of Language
Commonality of Religion
Differences in Political border interpretation
Differences in religion: broke up the state
Commonality of climate
 With
its system of regional provinces,
Canada is an example of a
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Microstate
Electoral state
Reapportioned state
Federal state
Nation-state
 With
its system of regional provinces,
Canada is an example of a
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Microstate
Electoral state
Reapportioned state
Federal state
Nation-state
Ch.8
Free-Response Question
Free Response Question
 The
European Union and NAFTA are two
common examples of international
organizations.
 A)
Describe each of these two
organizations and their purposes
 B) What do each of these two
organizations have in common? How are
they different?