Transcript Slide 1
Quantitative research
This kind of research often uses a survey to collect data about how many people hold
similar views or display particular characteristics. Normally, the information is collected
from a small proportion ( a sample) of a target market group. The views of the whole
target group are then based on the responses from the sample.
The above is the main definition of quantitative data however data that is measurable
is fundamentally this kind of data e.g. size of environment ,
ergonomics/anthropometrics, size of objects/products. This data will form important
requirements in the design specification.
Qualitative research
This kind of research collects data about how people think and feel about issues or
why they take certain decisions. Qualitative research explores consumer behaviour
and is conducted among a few individuals. It is often used to plan further quantitative
research to see if the views of a few are representative of the whole target market
group.
The areas of research that should be identified are style, aesthetics , shapedecorative elements, colour ,texture, appearance and finish .A requirement that is
subjective and depends on who you are asking rather than a specific fact as with
Quantitative
CAD
Use of CADD– computer aided design drawing
CAD involves the use of computers to model product ideas 2D or 3D and
either view them on screen or print them out for review and reference. CAD
modelling is a key part of industrial design process because it enables
manufacturers to test and modify ideas in 2D and simulate products on
screen in 3D. These virtual products can be shown to clients, who can then
choose which one they would like to see as a product prototype. This
reduces the need for actually making a range of prototypes before final
production, saving time costs. One of the major uses of CAD is producing
working drawings to support manufacturing specifications and production. (
This enables large scale manufacturing processes to be structured based on
this computerised technical data in x-y-z co-ordinates CAM).
CAD
Designers and manufacturers can use CAD in various ways to:
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Store style and colour information
Create, model and modify designs ideas quickly and easily
Apply texture, rendering or shading to drawings to create virtual products
(wood grain, shiny or rough surfaces, lighting effects, etc).
Present a virtual 3D animation of a product using multimedia.
Make accurate working drawings for manufacturing specifications and
make changes easily and quickly.
Calculate the volume/quantities and therefore cost of materials required to
produce product.
Identify all design aspects of the product ,style (appearance ) - function to
ensure product fulfils all requirements of the specification
Produces coded information of drawn component parts to drive CNC /CAM
machines in a fully computer integrated system/automated system.
The use of ICT enables CAD information to be sent electronically
anywhere in the world between clients, designers and manufacturers , so
that design decisions can be made quickly.
Scale of Production
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Scale of Production is decided by the type and
number of products to be made. The chosen
scale of production enables manufacturers to
produce products quickly and efficiently. It can
include :
One-off ( low volume or jobbing production )
Batch production
High volume (mass production, flow-line
production)
Continuous production
One-off
( custom made /jobbing/ bespoke /
haute couture)
One-off production is used for very different reasons and it depends
entirely on the nature of the product. Designing and making a single
product to a client’s requirements. It may be a stadium for the World
cup/Olympics or a wedding dress or a very specialised piece of equipment
for a disabled person. As a result of this level of production the associated
cost tends to be much higher because the materials used, labour required,
skills, design and production costs, since only one is being made. The
customer is however prepared to pay this increased cost to enable them to
own a new original product which will be envied by others where it is
clothing, buildings, furniture and ocean going liner. The product should be
of the highest standard in construction and materials. The area where this
would not apply would be electronics where research and development of
new technology is extremely expensive and therefore requires large scale
production to be achieved to recoup this initial investment.
Batch Production
Batch production can be described as the production of identical products
of specified quantities in ‘batches’. Batches can vary from a few products
to several thousands and changes in market demand can be met easily
with little time delay because everything involved in the production
process– tooling, machinery and people—is kept as flexible as possible.
Once batches of products are complete tooling and machines are again
available for use on the production of the next batch ( this period is known
as downtime and should be kept as short as possible). Ranges of furniture
can fall into this category where the legs may be identical , but the tops
and any other draws could be different shapes and sizes. Once a particular
batch has been produced, the tooling can be changed to make the next
size. IKEA / HABITAT.
Mass
production
Mass production is used for manufacturing large quantities of manufactured
products, for stock or to order. High volume production (long runs) follows
expensive ‘tooling up’ costs . The individual tasks required of the work force are
reduced to simple tasks to reduce the chances of errors and therefore a low-semi
skilled work force can be employed. On very large scale manufacturing automation
is developed to improve accuracy and quality. Continuous production is used to
manufacture very high volume products such as plastic pipes ,injection moulded
products and high tolerance engineered products. This type of production is highly
automated and uses machines that can run continuously.
Continuous production machines use sensors to control the quality of the
product as well as to monitor machine safety. This ensures the production of
identical high quality products.
Assembly is the process of putting a product together using separate parts or
components. Each process in the product’s assembly is carefully planned and
written as a work schedule matching the materials and equipment required with the
assembly processes used.
Product manufacturers use assembly processes such as joining
components parts and combining sub-assemblies. The assembly process needs to
be :
Easy and fast, to make products at a profit
Cost-effective, making use of standard components where possible to reduce
costs.
Efficient, using waste management techniques to reduce waste.
Just in Time (JIT)
Just In Time (JIT) manufacturing makes use of information and communication
technology ICT to help plan the ordering of materials and components so they
arrive at a factory just in time for production. This is a complex system that
requires careful planning between a manufacturer and its suppliers. JIT is often
used in quick response manufacturing, where goods are produced quickly in the
exact quantities needed to fulfil consumer demand. JIT is used in combination with
QRM because it:
•Reduces the need for stockpiles of raw materials waiting to be used
•Reduces the space needed for keeping raw materials in stock
•Reduces the levels of finished goods put into stock waiting to be sold
•Reduces the amount of money tied up in stock.
Cost
A comparison of how costs change as the level of production increases
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Labour costs
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Efficiency
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General
Tooling
Specialised
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Unit costs
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Labour intensity
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Capital investment
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Health & Safety
Health and Safety (H&S) at work is the responsibility of employers and
employees. The Health and Safety at work Act 1974 requires
manufacturers to follow strict rules and regulations and to have H&S
system in place. They must undertake a risk assessment to make the
work place a safe as possible. Employees are required to follow safety
procedures to reduce risk when using materials, machinery and
manufacturing processes.
Manufacturers are also required to ensure a product’s safety so
that no harm can come to the user or the environment during the
normal use. Products should pass strict British and European tests and
display labels ( Kite mark / CE label).
Safety
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Five-step risk assessment
Identify Hazard
Who might be harmed &how
Evaluate potential for risk
Record
Review.
Equipment / signage-information
Safety procedures – safety wear
Stages of Production
Preparation / Processing / Assembly / finishing / Packaging & Distribution
Preparation
•Buying-in of materials and components
•Preparation of materials, components, tools, equipment and machinery.
•The production of working drawings and layout plans, jigs and templates.
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Processing can include:
•Cutting of component parts
•Drilling, turning, cutting or abrading, moulding forming casting
•Finishing of sub-assemblies.
Assembly can include:
•Sub-assembly, e.g. assembling a working mechanism
•Joining components or sub-assemblies, using welding or soldering, mechanical
fastenings or adhesives.
Finishing
•Decorative finishing,such as painting to improve the
appearance of the product.
•Functional finishing, such as plating,coating or sealing to
improve the product’s quality and resistance to the
environment .
Packaging
•Labelling with labels, tags and bar codes to identify
product type, price information and stock details.
•Packing in an outer layer to protect the product
•Packing in boxes for easy transportation
•Features that help to sell the product such as photo, the
brand logo and instructions.
•Comprehensive logistics organised to distribute the write
number of products to the
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customers.