Transcript Chapter Thirteen - Project Citizen: Byrd Academy

School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Chapter Thirteen
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
1
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Society in the Classroom
• Wider society influences what goes on in
the classroom, for better or for worse
• Racism and sexism present and often
unchallenged in the structures of schooling
• Jane Elliott’s Discrimination Day exercises
Members of a group identified as “superior”
literally tend to act and feel superior; those
identified as “inferior” also react accordingly
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Theories of Social Inequality
• Genetic Inferiority Theory
argues that biologically some groups of people
are inferior intellectually and socially
interpretations of IQ testing to support this
theory continued to be offered and continue to
be discredited (Jensen, Schockley, Herrnstein)
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(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Theories of Social Inequality
• Cultural Deficit Theory
inferior home environments explained low
achievement rates of minority children
1960s, 1970s compensatory education
movement
beginning of Head Start
does not take children's unfamiliarity with the
dominant culture into account
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(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Theories of Social Inequality
• Critical theory
questions the whole social order and its power
relations
looks at the relationship between the child and
the school, rather than the child or school in
isolation
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Cultural Difference Theory
• Respects the variety of different cultures and
assesses the relationships among various cultural
groups
• Addresses “cultural mismatch”—differing ways of
learning, demonstrating knowledge, behaviors and
socialization patterns among students
• Confronts the traditional role of schools as
instruments of social policy that maintain the
dominant culture
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(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Cultural Subordination Theory
• Examines social processes that lead to
lower status for minority groups and
structured inequalities in the system
• Anyon’s study of elementary schools
• Testing, tracking, and ability grouping
• Schools, curriculum, and setting reflect
white middle-class worldview
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(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Resistance Theory
• Students experiencing discrimination retreat
Adolescent girls submerge their intelligence
African American students caught between
cultures
Other students give the impression they “don’t
care” about schooling, and teachers can give up
on them
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School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
The Impact of Language
• What linguists agree on:
 all languages can support complex cognitive processes and express
whatever needs to be expressed
 language prestige is attached to economic/military power of group
using it
 children learn better through use of native language
 not all non-standard speakers have same language development
 the way a child's primary language is valued affects self-concept
 every language has variety of linguistic styles
 reading failure is frequently caused by conflict between Englishspeaking teachers and non-English-speaking children
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Bilingual and ESL Instruction as Bridges
to English Proficiency
• 42% of all public school teachers have at least one
Limited English Proficiency (LEP) student in their
classroom
• Spanish-speaking more likely to receive bilingual
instruction; others get ESL programs
• Oakland School District’s controversial Ebonics
instruction program
• BEV: Language and cultural subordination
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Pedagogical Approaches to Pluralism
• Ignore differences and teach to single
standard
• Seek to eliminate differences by forcing
compliance to a single standard
• Balance sensitivity to group differences
without being biased by group differences
“culturally responsive” pedagogy
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School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Gender Theory: An Illustration of
Sensitivity to Differences
• Feminist theory explored three possibilities
with respect to gender issues
– “Gender free” approach
– Compensate/equalize effects of gender
differences
– Reconsider all the operational premises of
education and society
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School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Multicultural Education and Democratic
Pluralism—Five Approaches (Sleeter and Grant)
• Teaching the exceptional and culturally different
 fitting students into existing structure with ESL, bilingual,
remedial, special education programs
 retains status quo
• Human relations
 promotion of unity, tolerance, and acceptance within existing
structure among students
 Doesn’t address institutional inequities
• Single-group studies
 singling out groups for study; foster acceptance, work towards
social change on behalf of identified group
 Doesn’t alter the main curriculum; more “add on”
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Multicultural Education and Democratic
Pluralism—Five Approaches (Sleeter and Grant)
• Multicultural education
 promotion of cultural pluralism, equal opportunity and
respect in the school
 critical thinking, bilingual instruction
 debate over whether result is cohesion or fragmentation
• Education that is multicultural and social
reconstructionist
 preparation for the “real world”
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Multicultural and Social
Reconstructionist Education
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•
•
•
Practice of democracy
Analysis of one’s own life
Development of social action skills
Formation of social coalitions across
boundaries of race, ethnicity, social class
and gender
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Diversity, Equity, and Special
Education
• Multicultural education is the most
equitable way to address educational needs
of all students (Banks)
• Special education as a form of tracking
(Skrtic)
• Labels may say more about the system than
they do about the students
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School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Concluding Remarks
• Jane Elliott’s experiment reminds us of the social
construction of what is judged superior or inferior
• Slow progress from culturally deficient to
culturally different explanations of differences
• Sensitivity means asking “When is race or class
or gender a relevant variable in this student’s
performance, and when is it not?”
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e
School & Society: Chapter 13
Diversity and Equity Today:
Meeting the Challenge
Developing Your Professional
Vocabulary
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anti-racist education
Black English Vernacular
critical theory
cultural deficit theory
cultural subordination theory
culturally relevant pedagogy
Culturally responsive
pedagogy
• democratic pluralism
• ESL instruction
• ethnic diversity
• gender sensitivity vs. gender
bias
• genetic deficit theory
• Head Start Project
• multiculturalism
• pedagogy
• Plato’s myth of the metals
• resistance theory
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Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e