Transcript Repaso de como construir Orbitales Moleculares de un sistema p

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“From Hectares to Nanometers: GK-12 Multidisciplinary
Explorations of Tropical Ecosystems and Functional Nanoscience”
Organizational Meeting
March 14, 2009
Dr. Gerardo Morell, PI
Dr. Manuel Gomez, Co-PI
Dr. Elvia Melendez-Ackerman, Co-PI
Dr. Lizzette Velázquez, Co-PI
Dr. Ana-Rita Mayol, Co-PI, Project Manager
Dr. Jorge Ortiz
Ms. Aida Lasanta, Project and School Coordinator (Designated)
Ms. Veronica Toro, Assistant
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“From Hectares to Nanometers: GK-12 Multidisciplinary
Explorations of Tropical Ecosystems and Functional Nanoscience”
 5-year grant award
 Starts: Before June, 2009 (subject to final NSF approval)
 2-year fellowship for graduate students in Biology, Chemistry, and Chemical
Physics from UPR-Rio Piedras (the pool of available students is 160)
 8 fellow-teacher teams each year
 Fellow work 10 hour/week in project at the school
 2-day workshop for fellow solicitants (May)
 1-month Summer workshop (June)
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Schools
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Sotero Figueroa, San Juan
Amalia Marín, San Juan
Pachin Marín, San Juan
Rafael Cordero Intermedia, Trujillo Alto
Ines María Mendoza, San Juan
Emilio Huyke, San Juan
José R. Barreras, Morovis
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What is Nanotechnology?
•Nanotechnology is the control and manipulation of objects at the atomic and
molecular scale to fabricate and tailor novel materials for devices or products to
solve technological problems and meet the needs of society.
•Properties: The Physical, Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Optical, and Magnetic
properties of nanoparticles are not necessarily predictable from what we know
about the macro scale.
•The scale of nanotechnology is so small (nanometers=10-9 meters in size) that
can not be seen by human eye.
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Size and Scale: How small is a Carbon
Nanotube?
If the hair could
grow hairs…
Hair
1000x
Self-Assembled
Hair from hair
1000x
Carbon Nanotube
1000x
1.6m
10-3m
10-6m
10-9m
E. Mazur, Nanotube around a human hair
The strongest
material per pound
ever made
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One Universe Many “Worlds” Size of our World in Units of Meters
10-15m
1Fm
10-10m
1Å
10-9m
10nm
10-9m
10-8m
10-6m
10nm
100nm
1mm
10-3m
100m
1mm 1.6m
103m
105m
m
Km
10-15m
1mm
Helium
Nuclei
Helium
Atom
DNA
Molecule
Carbon
Nanotube
Rhino virus
1,000 nm
Carbon
Nanotree
Ref:
E. Coli
Bacteria
160 Km
1mm
Puerto Rico
Sand
2Km
6m
Tree
Lightning
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Development of Nanotechnology
In order to develop research advances in nanotechnology, interdisciplinary approaches
must take place. An iterative process takes place as illustrated in the following diagram.
Fundamental
Understanding
Modeling and
Simulation
Characterization and
Experimentation
Synthesis & Integration
Nano to Macro
Inorganic and Organic
Materials
Optical, Mechanical,
Electrical, Magnetic
& other
properties
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
0. Size and Scale
The concept that unites the worlds of Nano and Environment under one Universe.
Nano: will model the concept of size and scale in the atomic, molecular, and
nanoscale.
Environment: has several scales of observation: hectare (e.g. forest), ten meter
scale (e.g. trees and large plants), and the microbial scale (e.g. insects and bacteria).
This comparison of scales will form the basis for finding common concepts and
processes.
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
1. Complexity
Complexity: How nature, starting from simple interactions-forces, can produce very
complex systems and structures.
Nano: from simple laws of interaction: atomic, intermolecular, and van der Waals
forces complexity, ensues through self-assembly and self-organization forming very
complex nano patterns.
Environment: from relatively simple biotic and abiotic interactions, complex
ecosystems are formed.
This concept is connected to system dynamics, equilibrium, stasis, and “game
theory”. (Look for simple computer models of complexity.)
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Complexity: Nano Learns from Bio
Self-Assembly
DNA
Strand
RNA
Strand
Protein
The Code
The Messenger
Building
Blocks of Cells
The Cell
In a cell many molecules arrange themselves in a self-assembly fashion to function with a
specific purpose.
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
2. Fractals
Fractals: Is the geometry of nature resulting from bottom-up formation that under
random conditions tend to produce fractal structures. In the environmental regime,
a bottom-up formation always generates fractal geometries; this is not necessarily
the case in the nano world.
Nano: Self-assembled nano structures following a bottom-up mechanism of
assembly will tend to generate fractal geometries. Because of the directionality and
simple euclidean geometry of molecular bonds and atomic forces, the nano world
can generate order well-aligned structures.
Environment: Self-organizing (no human intervention) will generate fractal
structures; e.g. tributary of rivers, forest organization, tree branching, leaves
enervation).
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Nature has Two Geometries
Euclidian Geometry that is made of straight lines, circles, and vertices
4 Forms of Carbon:
Crystalline Structure
of Diamond
Graphite
Nano tube
Bucky Ball
R. Buckminster Fuller (Bucky)
Dimensions in
Euclidian Geometry
are integers
Perimeter a l0D=l01
A a l0D=l02
V a l0D=l03
Fractal Geometric Structures (structures that repeat themselves in decreasing sizes)
Length of Coast = d(1.26)
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Nanobio Markers
for Tracing Blood Flow at the capillary level in a live Mosquito Fish
Fractal
Structure
Confocal image of fluorescent nanoparticles:
L. Fonseca and Rosa-Molinar Labs at UPR
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
3. Dominant Interactions-Forces
In the nano world, the rules of forces and interactions are very well defined; so is
the strength of the force and its range. While in the environmental regime, the
strength and range of interaction depend on abiotic and biotic factors.
•
•
magnitude of interactions-forces at the scale of the system
range of the interaction-force
Nano: The three types of dominant forces are atomic, molecular, and van der Waals
forces. The molecular forces and, to a lesser extent, the atomic forces have
directionality that obey euclidean geometry. Range and strength of forces are
determined by well-defined rules (e.g. atomic force range is of the order of
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
3. Dominant Interactions-Forces (cont.)
of Ångstroms, and molecular forces (chemical bonds are extremely short), while van
der Waals forces have ranges of nanometers. Because of the directionality of
molecular forces, they can produce self-assembled euclidean geometries.
Environment: The interaction in the environment between elements of the
ecosystem depends on external abiotic and biotic elements (e.g. insufficient solar
energy, lack of water supply, percolation regime of soils). The interaction in the
ecosystem leads to fractal structures.
SiC nanotubes grown at NASA Glenn:
Van der Waals Forces
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT2002/5000/5510lienhard.html
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
4. Top-Down/Bottom-up; Self-Assembly/Organization
of Complex Systems
Bottom-up; Self-Assembly/Organization: Results from self-assembly/self
organization of system that is controlled by the range, spatial orientation, range of
interactions, and by the system’s dynamics.
Top-Down: Result from the intervention of human technology and intelligence
(intelligent design??). The resulting organizational/assembly patterns are euclidean.
Nano: Self-assembly results in bottom-up organization. It is determined by the
dominant forces/interactions, their strength range and spatial orientation, and the
system’s dynamics. In the nano world, the resulting organization can be euclidean
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
4. Top-Down/Bottom-up; Self-Assembly/Organization
of Complex Systems (cont.)
or fractal. Bottom-up is achieved by external highly-sophisticated manipulation
(e.g. integrated circuits).
Environment: Self-organization results from dominant interaction and system
dynamics. The resulting structures are usually fractal.
Top-down results from human application of technology to the ecosystem can result
in euclidean geometric ordering.
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Systematic Fabrication of Nanoparticles is the
Essence of Nanotechnology
Two Approaches
• Top-Down Approach
– Making nanoscale structures by machining, coating,
atomization, dispersion, lithography, and
nanoencryption.
• Bottom-up Approach
– Fabricate atom-by-atom, or molecule-by-molecule or by
self-assembly by manipulating the laws of nature.
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Top-Down Approach: Capillary Force Lithography
Mold
Contact
Molten
polymer
film
Surface tension
draws polymer
into mold
Mold
removed
• Little pressure, fast, robust
• Rigid or flexible molds
• Inexpensive, disposable
Porous Alumina
Copolymer Nanorods
Nanostructured
20 nm features… 4 seconds!
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Bottom-up Approach
Strongest material ever made
Carbon Nanotubes
Laws of
Chemistry
Technology
Carbon
atoms
Because of the perfect close
nit mesh of carbon atoms is
pound per pound 300 times
stronger than steel!
Carbon
Nanotubes
Self-Assembles
Golden Gate
Bridge
Nanotube Suspension Bridge
Span 1.2 miles
Made of steel
Span 100 miles
Made of Nanotube materials
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
5. Surface-to-Volume Ratio
The Surface-to-Volume Ratio is important when the process is surface dependent;
and the surface is the rate-limiting step (e.g. catalysis, drug delivery, respiration,
absorption of water and nutrients).
Nano: One of the most valuable properties of nanostructures is the enormous
surface-to-volume ratio that they exhibit. A significant number of technological
advantages of nanomaterials is related to this property.
Environment: The rate-limiting step in many ecosystems and living systems are
surface phenomena. Nature develops structures that increase the surface-tovolume ratio: leaves, roots, lungs.
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Overarching Concepts in GK-12: One Universe; Many Worlds
5. Surface-to-Volume Ratio (cont.)
Related Concept: Percolation
Nano: Electric and microfluidics depend on percolation and the connectivity of
nano particles.
Environment: Percolation properties of soils determine access to abiotic elements
that control the ecosystem dynamics.
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Surface to Volume Ratio
as a function of number of dicing operations
1 cm3 cube
1
1 dicing operation
creates 8 equal cubes
n
3 new faces per cube are now exposed
dicing
operation
d1 
d 0  1 cm
n dicing operations
1
do a dicing
operations
to each cube
that is
generated by
the previous
operation
cm
2
S 0  6 cm
2
S1  6  2  12 cm
V0  1 cm
3
V1  1 cm
3
2
repeating for each
cube the dicing
sequence n times
dn 
1
2
cm
n
Sn  6  2 cm
n
Vn  V0  1 cm
3
2
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Surface to Volume Ratio
as a function of number of dicing operations
dn (cm)
dn (nm)
19.0
1
9.5
4.8
2.4
1.2
6000
8000
5 0 3 3 .2
6144
Vn  V0  1 cm
3
4000
3072
Sn (m2)
Sn (cm2)
6000
Vn  V0  1 cm
4000
3
2 5 1 6 .6
2000
2000
1 2 5 8 .3
1536
6 2 9 .1 5
768
0
6
12 24 48 96 192
3 1 4 .5 7
384
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# of dicing operations
0
19
20
21
22
# of dicing operations
Football field surface
23
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IFN Education and Outreach Components
Advanced
Interdisciplinary
Courses
Educational
Materials
Modules
Workshops
Signature Laboratory
Courses
Outreach
Research and
Human Resource
Development
Workshops
NanoDays
Research
Fellowships
NanoSummer
Camp
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Available Workshops
Workshop
Objective
Grade
Levels
Nanoscience Expo
Students will participate of interactive demonstrations, learning key
concepts and applications of nanoscience and technology.
K-12
Marvelous Magnets
Students will be Introduced to the concept of magnetism.
Explorations of which objects are magnetic and which are not,
magnetic poles and strengths of magnets are included.
K-6
K-6
Microworlds
Students will explore the use of the microscope throughout different
interactive stations, integrating various disciplines.
3-6
Liquid Crystals:
constructing a homemade
thermometer
Students will learn basic principles of liquid crystals. They will also
construct a homemade thermometer using liquid crystals.
3-6
7-9
Light Emitting Diodes
(LED’s)
Students will be introduced to the electromagnetic spectra, in
particular the visible region. Students will learn how a
semiconductor works and its applications. Students will compare
different energy efficiency of light sources.
7-12
Fuel Cell
(NASA)
This workshop is designed to connect to and build upon students’
knowledge of oxidation-reduction reactions in order to introduce the
chemistry involved in fuel cell technology. Students will also
explore the concept of surface-to-volume ratio.
7-14
For more information: A.-R. Mayol · http://www.ifn.upr.edu · [email protected]