Transcript SOLID WASTE MGT : THE WAY FORWARD

Sustainable Solid
Waste Management In
Developing Countries
Mrs Almitra H Patel, Member
Supreme Court Committee for Solid Waste
Management
[email protected]
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WASTE MANAGEMENT:
THEN & NOW
Since ancient times, domestic wastes have
been composted for return to the soil.
Till the 1940s, farmers brought produce
to towns, took urban organics to fields.
With cities growing, subsidies for urea in
the 1960s and thin plastics appearing,
urban waste lost its value to farmers.
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NOW WASTE IS A PROBLEM
Urban waste is now dumped just beyond
city limits on vacant land in villages or all
along highways, canals, in lowlying land.
It breeds flies, mosquitoes, rats. Dogs
thrive on waste heaps and form hunting
packs at night, attacking village livestock.
Villagers feel helpless against such
officially sanctioned pollution.
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1994: SURAT PLAGUE
WAS A WAKE-UP CALL
’94 : 1st Clean India Campaign by Capt JS
Velu & me: 30 cities in 30 days via Surat
’95: 2nd Clean India Campaign, 60 new cities
OPEN DUMPING OUTSIDE EVERY CITY
’96: PIL No 888/96 against all States for
hygienic eco-friendly waste managemt.
’99 : Supreme Court Committee Report. 4
1999 REPORT TO SUPREME
COURT: GUIDING PRINCIPLES
‘Clean Up and Flourish or Pile Up and Perish’
‘A city is only as clean as its dirtiest areas’
‘The best way to keep streets clean
is not to dirty them in the first place.
Aim for cities without street bins.’
2000: Municipal Solid Waste (Mgmt &
Handling) Rules. COPIES AVAILABLE.
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POLICY IN A NUTSHELL
Keep “wet” & “dry” wastes separately
Doorstep collection of “wet” waste, to
Compost all bio - degradables.
Leave Recyclables to the informal sector.
Landfill only Compost Rejects & inerts.
Waste Mimimisation is vital.
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MORE GUIDELINES
Handle waste once only !
(Collect in mobile bins or tipper vehicle)
Separate collection of inerts
(road dust, drain silt, debris)
No Burning of Waste or Leaves
Bio-Med Waste: follow its Rules.
S. Ct: No Pesticide on Wastes
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INDIA’S BEST PRACTICES
Waste Separation at Source succeeds
where citizens see it transported
separately also, e.g. in Suryapet.
Doorstep Collection keeps streets
and roadside drains much cleaner.
Separate collection timings for inerts:
drain silt, debris lots, road diggings.
Weekly collection of garden waste.
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TWO METHODS FOR
DOORSTEP COLLECTION
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ZERO – WASTE COLONIES
COMPOST WASTE AT HOMES
OR LOCALLY
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MARKET WASTE IS EASY
TO VERMI - COMPOST
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‘DRY’ RECYCLABLES NEED
SEPARATE COLLECTION
ROUTES AND SORTING SPACES
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THIN - FILM PLASTICS ARE
AN EXPENSIVE PROBLEM AT
CENTRALISED COMPOST PLANTS
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SHREDDED PLASTICS MAKE
EXCELLENT BITUMEN ROADS
BY A PATENTED PROCESS
Collect through schools:
1 free pencil for 1 kg plastic;
Sell pooled class collection
for Eco Club activities.
Take Back policies needed.
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‘RECYCLABLE’ IS MEANINGLESS
UNLESS RECYCLING IS ACTUALLY DONE.
INDIA HAS A HUGE P E T PROBLEM
1 PVC bottle can ruin a batch of 10,000 PET
Ban rigid PVC packaging for effective PET
recycling and insist on Bottle Take - Back.
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WASTE STABILISING
IS THE FIRST STEP IN COMPOSTING
AND CAN START AT ONCE
Unload waste in wind-rows, spray with bio-cultures
turn weekly, 1-4 times. Dark humus forms in 2 months.
Even unsieved, this can be spread to cover old waste
and grow flowers and non food crops, or peelable
foods like maize or banana.
Root crops take up heavy metals.
This ‘urban agriculture’ will control fires and curb
encroachments on unused dumps.
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COMPOSTING IS THE BEST
WAY TO RECYCLE ORGANICS
Spray biocultures, then
shape heaps into windrows.
Turn weekly or at least once.
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CITY COMPOST + CHEMICAL
FERTILISERS WORK WONDERS:
Reduce Chem. Fert 50%, buy compost with
savings. Drought-proofing, less waterings,
15-25% higher yields in all crops tried.
This is paddy 6 weeks after transplanting.
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CITY COMPOST CAN RESTORE
TSUNAMI HIT SALINE SOILS.
Raised Beds 1m high, 10 m wide, upto
10 km from sea, water table 2m or less.
Or 1.5m broad beds & furrows, inland.
See www.excelind.com for Dholera CD
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DON’T THINK OF WASTE
TO ENERGY FROM
URBAN WASTE IN INDIA !
Average 45% inerts because of faulty
collection practices everywhere.
Only 7% combustibles after rag - picking.
LOW calorific value, 800-1200 kcal/kg.
Works only at micro scale, on campuses
where biogas is used for heating, e.g. in
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kitchen for 40,000 at BEL factory.
LONG HISTORY OF
MANY WTE FAILURES:
1980s: Delhi Incinerator ran only 6 days!
2004: Biometh promoters “ran away”
after investing US$ 18.7 million for 5MW,
generating only 0.5 MW over past year.
17 MoUs, 15 withdrew after 3 to 7 yr wait.
2 RDF “successes” actually run on 70 %
to 90 % paddy husk, on city’s free land
meant for urban waste management !
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COST OF WTE vs COMPOST :
For processing 300 tons/day waste:
Compost US $ 1 million, all successful.
Biometh US $ 18.6 million, a failure.
For installing 1 MW capacity power:
Thermal or Hydel
US $ 1
million
WTE (RDF,biometh,burn,) US $1.8 to 3.8 million.
Foreign lobby drives WTE in India, SAARC.
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BUSINESS CLIMATE FOR SWM
US $ 65 Billion needed for urban infra structure over next 10 years: power,
roads, water supply, sanitation, SWM.
Greater autonomy given to cities.
Private sector being encouraged.
Municipal Development Funds or Bonds.
400 joint ventures in environment sector.
Growth driven by courts + public demand.
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BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
MINI solutions for secondary transport, like
3 or 4 wheel small tippers.
LOW cost windrow turning equipment.
Waste Sanitising & Composting services.
Compost Marketing, tie-ups with fertiliser
firms, or for greening mining overburdens.
LOW cost landfills, bentonite quilt liners.
SIMPLE, DECENTRALISED, CLEAN
Recycling Technologies for Tyres, PET,
multifilms, tube-lights, batteries, e-waste.
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