Transcript Slide 1
NECTAR Cluster 1 (Networks) workshop, Harrogate, UK, 28-29 September 2012 Exploring equity issues in transport and communication networks On the multidimensionality of equity in transport networks Paulo Rui Anciaes Social inclusion Mobility General mobility - Disability - Elderly - Children’s independent mobility Accessibility Jobs - Spatial mismatch land use policies, segregation - Modal mismatch public transport provision, travel costs Automobility - Job seekers - Elderly - Space-time constraints gender divide Urban facilities - Parks - Health facilities - Food stores 01 Environmental justice Love Canal protests, NY, USA, 1979. Origins of the environmental justice movement Air pollution and noise - Social distribution according to residence location ‘Tiebout’ sorting, segregation, political inequality Pedestrian mobility - Pedestrian accident risk Usually analysed for specific age groups (children) - Street walkability - Exposure in the workplace - Exposure on the way to work in-vehicle exposures (cars vs. public transport) 02 Social exclusion Environmental justice Joint distribution Accessibility to different types of destinations: Macintyre et al. 2008 Several environmental goods and ‘bads’: Kruize et al 2007 Exposure vs. “responsibility” for pollution – Household Kuznets curve Mitchell and Dorling 2003, Kingham et al. 2007 Contributions of this paper Integrate accessibility and environmental effects in the same empirical framework, searching for multiple disadvantages along different lines (age, qualifications) Include aspects whose patterns of distribution are still relatively unknown : the effects of motorized transport on pedestrian mobility 03 Static inequalities: cluster analysis Cluster variables Priv. transport job accessibility 0.02 Pub. transport job accessibility -0.50 Accessibility to urban facilities -0.41 Community severance 1.29 Pedestrian noise exposure 1.01 Cluster characterization Age -0.51 Qualifications -0.17 ! Standardized variables 04 Static inequalities: GWR Regressions between noise and age, weighted on the space defined by accessibility levels Regressions between noise and qualifications, weighted on the space defined by accessibility levels -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Regression parameter Regression parameter Age Qualifications Private transport job accessibility 05 Changes over time: canonical correlation c’1 c’2 c’3 Δ Population 0.11 0.76 0.19 -0.22 Δ Low qualifications -0.32 -0.16 -0.51 0.66 0.23 Δ Graduates -0.04 0.30 0.84 0.61 0.38 -0.41 Δ Employment rate -0.26 0.03 0.65 0.77 -0.52 -0.22 Δ Vacant dwellings -0.65 -0.57 0.23 0.08 0.04 -0.49 Δ Owned dwelling 0.04 0.09 0.79 Δ Retail 0.46 0.48 0.41 Δ Small dwellings -0.61 0.00 -0.50 Δ Green space -0.77 -0.30 -0.33 Δ Large dwellings 0.07 0.07 0.87 Δ Informal dwelling 0.72 0.28 -0.44 Δ New buildings 0.01 0.64 0.30 Δ Private tr. job accessibility Δ Public tr. job accessibility Δ Congestion Δ Com.Severance (motorway) Δ Com.Severance (industry) Δ Pedestrian noise exposure c1 c2 c3 0.14 -0.11 0.71 0.44 0.66 0.48 NEIGHBOURHOOD PEOPLE, DWELLINGS 06 Network planning: optimization Optimization variable: community severance, inversely weighted by qualification levels Analyse distribution of costs according to benefits F2 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 Time gains 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 < 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≥0.5 < 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≥0.5 < 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≥0.5 Community Severance 07 The ancients stole all our great ideas Developments in GIS and statistical methods now allow for the quantification of concepts found in existing theories of justice 08 Thank you for your attention Macintyre, S., Macdonald, L., Ellaway, A. (2008) Do poorer people have poorer access to local resources and facilities? The distribution of local resources by area deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland. Social Science & Medicine 67 (6), 900-914. Kruize, H., Driessen, P P J., Glasbergen, P., Van Egmond, K. (2007) Environmental equity and the role of public policy: Experiences in the Rijnmond region. Environmental Management 40 (4), 578-595. Mitchell, G. (2005) Forecasting environmental equity: Air quality responses to road user charging in Leeds, UK. Journal of Environmental Management 77 (3), 212-226. Kingham, S., Pearce, J., Zawar-Reza, P. (2007) Driven to injustice? Environmental justice and vehicle pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Transportation Research D 12 (4), 254-263. “The ancients stole all our great ideas” - Edward Ruscha (b. 1937)