Metabolic Pathways But first…

Labs and Lesson Plans How to Write Lesson Plans

Labs and Lesson Plans

 What is helpful in a lesson plan?

 What area of science   Goals (Students will:) Benchmarks http://www.edtechpolicy.org/CourseInfo/AssessDesignFlow.gif

Labs and Lesson Plans

 Information to put it together  How long it will take to assemble  How much it will cost initially http://www.getworksheets.com/samples/lessonplans/science.html

Labs and Lesson Plans

 How long, how much for additional years?

 Cost for consumable supplies  Time for set up, lesson, clean up, improve and store http://oz.plymouth.edu/~wwf/distillation_files/image001.jpg

Labs and Lesson Plans

 Background – Introduction and Discussion  Introducing this topic, presenting the information your students need to achieve goals of this lesson plan http://www.infovisual.info/02/029_en.html

Labs and Lesson Plans

 Background, Introduction, Discussion  Spend time researching and writing this section. Quick read in following years, and you are up to speed.

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Labs and Lesson Plans

 Directions  Clearly written, step by step directions students follow to achieve stated goals  Include any data sheets needed for completion of this lesson plan http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/act28.gif

Labs and Lesson Plans

 Wrap-up  Review of discussion material    Review of experiment Review of Data What does it mean?

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Labs and Lesson Plans

 Assessment  Evaluating what students gained from this particular experience  Evaluating student preparation for benchmark testing http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/midlsci/images/figure7.gif

Labs and Lesson Plans

 Transformation  What are the underlying concepts that this particular lesson emphasizes?

 Without transforming the specifics of this lesson to the general concept, students rarely make that connection http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/icecryst.gif

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Metabolic Pathways How cells function

Global Warming

  Climatic Cycles   Glacial Periods Global Warming Causes?

  Gases in atmosphere   Carbon Dioxide Methane   Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor Milankovitch cycle http://www.whrc.org/carbon/index.htm

Global Warming

 Carbon Dioxide   Use of fossil fuels Burning rainforest  Methane  Rice paddies  Livestock (cows)  Nitrous Oxide  Nitrogen based fertilizers  Industry http://www.nysforum.org/documents/html/2007/execcommittee/may/enterprisepowerconsumptionreduction_files/images/image6.png

Global Warming

 Milankovitch cycle    Eccentricity ~100,000 years. Obliquity ~41,000 years; 21.5° to 24.5° Precession ~26,000 years. http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/vis2003/TasaDemo.html

Eccentricity

    Distance to the sun 100,000 year cycle Winter in North at Perihelion, and therefore shorter than summer     Low eccentricity of 0.005

High eccentricity of 0.058

Mean eccentricity of 0.028

Present eccentricity 0.017 Moving towards low centricity - warming Perihelion Aphelion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eccentricity_half.svg

Obliquity

   Tilt of the Axis 41,000 year cycle  Minimum tilt is 21.1º   Maximum tilt is 24.5º Currently at 23.5º Tilt is decreasing cooling http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png

Precession

    Wobble like a top Completes the wobble every ~21,000 years  Other “north stars, Thuban in Draco and Vega in Lyra Top Both 10 sec 33 sec http://stardate.org/images/gallery/d_procession.jpg

Milankovitch Cycles

  These three cycles, in combination, can alter climate  Eccentricity   Obliquity Precession Milankovitch min 2.38 http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/research/highlights/section/milankovitch.jpg

Global Warming

 Other Factors  Volcanos   Gases Particles in air reflect sunlight energy http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH80_may_18_eruption_column_05-18-80_bw_med.jpg

Gaia

 The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological single theory that proposes that the living matter of planet Earth functions like a organism . http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html

Equilibrium

 Maintained though various cycles http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images2/184waterequi.gif

Cycles

  In a dynamic system, there are many different cycles For example, the water cycle http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclehigh.jpg

Other Important Cycles

     Rock Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle Calcium Cycle http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/carbon_cycle/carbon_cycle.jpg

Oxygen Cycle

   Hypothesized to have originally poisoned Earth’s organisms by changing the atmosphere Produced ozone High Energy Electron Accepter http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s4/graphics/embedded/cycleoxygentest.png

Cellular Energy

 ATP production http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

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Cellular Respiration

   It takes energy to form molecular bonds Energy is released when bonds are broken ATP is packaged in discrete units usable by the cell http://www.a3243g.com/a3243g_images/mitochondria.gif

Cellular Respiration

  Glucose is a simple sugar we get in our food and is the energy source Breaking the bonds of Glucose yields 36 ATPs http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration

  Complex series of reactions sent though the electron transport chain to harvest electrons from sugar and donate to oxygen Three Stages http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/makeatp/c9x6cell-respiration.jpg

Cellular Respiration

 Glycolysis   Outside mitochondria Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule  Ancestral - 2 ATP + 4 ATP = 2 ATP http://www.micro.siu.edu/micr201/images/Glycolysis.gif

Cellular Respiration

 Kreb’s Cycle   Inside Mitochondria Produces 2 ATP for each glucose molecule http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/611citricacidcyclewhi.gif

Cellular Respiration

 Electron Transport Chain  Inside Mitochondria  Produces ~ 32 ATP per glucose molecule http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/images/chemios_il.jpg

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Cellular Respiration

  Needs Oxygen Waste Product CO 2 Tutorial C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy O E

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Photosynthesis

 Basically, the opposite pathway of cellular respiration   needs CO 2 waste product O 2 6CO2 + 6H2O Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 E

Photosynthesis

 Using sunlight energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water, forms glucose bonds in the chloroplasts http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynthesis/Chloroplast_EN.gif

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Photosynthesis

  Gas exchange in plants Leaf is generally photosynthetic organ of plant http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/leafstru.gif

Questions?

BJShaw – Megatherium americanum, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Argentina 2008