Transcript Diapositive 1

Detention of asylum seekers
in Canada
Janet Cleveland, PhD
CSSS de la Montagne Research Centre
(McGill University)
Trends – detention and removals
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Detention
 Fluctuates (linked to numbers of new arrivals)
 No trend towards increase in detentions
 Proportion of asylum seekers: stable around 43% of all
detentions (2004-2011)
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Removals
 From 2005 to 2008: stable at 12,000 per year
 2011-2012: 16,500
 % of failed claimants: stable around 73% of all removals
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Refugee claims acceptance rate
 Fluctuates - average 2002-2011: 42%
 2010 and 2011: 38%
Categories of detained migrants
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Asylum seekers (claim not yet adjudicated)
 Detained at the outset of the refugee claim process
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Failed claimants
 Detained pending removal
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Non-citizens convicted of certain crimes
 Detained pending removal
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Non-citizens detained under security certificates
Detention of asylum seekers - overview
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About 8% of asylum seekers detained on making their claim
Grounds for detention
 Danger/security/criminality < 6%
Location
 Immigration holding centres (IHCs) – 72%
 Only 2 long-term IHCs (Toronto & Montreal)
 Jails – 28%
Indefinite duration
 28 days (average)
Detention reviews
 2 days, then 7 days, then every 30 days
 Limited review power, especially in identity cases
Immigration holding centres
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Medium-security jails
Guards, cameras, searches, locked doors, personal effects
confiscated
Separate wings: men, women, ‘family’
Rigid rules, tight control
 Ex.: refusal to get up punished by 24-hour solitary confinement
No mental health screening or counselling
If suicidal
 24/7 surveillance in segregation, or transfer to jail
Handcuffs during transport, including to hospital
 Minors and pregnant women exempted
 Sometimes during medical procedures (e.g., dental surgery)
Detention of migrant children
2005-2010: average number detained per year
 Total minors detained: around 650
 Asylum seeker & refused claimant minors: around 400
+ Children "accompanying" parents
+ Children in foster care while parent(s) detained
Trends?
New detention policies
Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act
Group arrivals designated as ‘irregular’ by Minister
• Suspected smuggling OR unable to process in timely manner
• Mandatory detention until final determination of refugee claim
• Detention review after 14 days, then 6 months
• Children 16-18 incarcerated as if they were adults
• Children under 16
- Informal detention with mother or foster care
• 5-year bar on permanent resident application, family sponsorship,
travel
• First use: December 5, 2012
• 5 groups of Romanian asylum seekers
New detention policies (cont.)
‘Ordinary’ detentions
• Faster claims process
• ‘Ordinary’ claims: hearing by 60 days, then appeal
• Designated Countries of Origin (DCO): 45 days, no appeal
• First DCO list - December 15, 2012 - 26 countries
• Easier to detain during entire process
CBSA Detention & Removals Programs Evaluation Report, Nov. 2010
• “(…) an expedited refugee determination process, including
removal of failed refugee claimants, will be implemented. (…) As
the new Act eliminates automatic stay of removal for people from
a designated country of origin while a judicial review is pending
and for manifestly unfounded claims, detention will remain a key
tool for ensuring that failed refugee claimants do not evade
removal from Canada, particularly when the risk of the individual
going underground is high.”
• 10% increase in detentions anticipated
Context of ‘anti-smuggling’ legislation
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Sept. 2008 – May 2009: final phase of Sri Lankan civil war
 330,000 civilians trapped in war zone
 Post-war: survivors detained in army camps
October 2009: 76 Tamil asylum seekers arrive on the Ocean Lady
August 2010: 492 Tamil asylum seekers arrive on the Sun Sea
(63 women, 49 children)
 All detained: adults in jails, children with mothers in secure youth
custody facility
 Average detention: about 5 months
 Repeated interrogations by Canadian Border Services Agency
 Protracted legal battles around release
October 2010: ‘Anti-smuggling’ bill
 Mandatory detention, 1 year minimum
Sun Sea interviews (2011)
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21 interviews post-detention
Severe premigration trauma
- Lack of food/water in Sri Lanka and on ship (21)
- Months of heavy shelling, saw other people killed, had relatives
or friends who were killed, been homeless, forcibly confined (19)
- Torture (15)
- Ex. hung upside down for hours, lowered into water trough,
beaten with plastic pipes filled with sand
In Canada
- Lengthy detention
- Repeated interrogation
The worst thing that happened to me here was that CBSA kept asking me
questions about the incident that caused me so much heartbreak.
We were all in a bunker dug in the ground. There was another family there,
with small children. There was not enough room for everyone so we gave
the best protected place to the small children. A shell fell on us. My uncle
died that day, and so did my grandparents who had brought me up. My
mother got shrapnel in her leg and was not able to walk. My aunt also. All
those who were not completely inside the bunker were injured or killed.
CBSA asked me again and again to repeat this story, again and again,
although I was crying. It caused me so much distress and pain.
Young woman from the Sun Sea, detained 4 months. Two years after this
incident, she still had nightmares about it almost every night.
Sun Sea migrants – symptoms
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About 75% report sleep problems, nightmares and/or intrusive
memories of war trauma or torture, intrusive fears of being sent back
or detained, intrusive fears for family back home
Several report nightmares relating to detention and interrogation in
Canada
Other vulnerabilities
 Couple with severely handicapped child
 Pregnant women
 Physical injuries linked to war or torture
 Pre-existing psychiatric problems
Study: Mental health of detained adult asylum seekers
(2010-2011)
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122 detained asylum seekers
• Immigration Holding Centres in Montreal and Toronto
Time detained at interview
• 18 days (median), 31 days (average)
66 nondetained asylum seekers: Comparison group
Mental health questionnaires and interviews
Findings
• Trauma exposure: high (average 9 events) and equivalent in the two
groups
• Significantly higher symptom levels in detained group
Mental health symptoms:% above clinical threshold
Detained
Nondetained
Post-traumatic
stress
32%
18%
Depression
78%
52%
Anxiety
63%
47%
Do you have thoughts or memories that come to you a lot, that you
think about again and again?
I still up till now have some memories and it is not easy to disappear,
especially for my father, how my father get killed. It’s like I see it
again. I’m dreaming every day. In my mind I don’t believe and I
sometimes think I can see again my father. You feel sad? Yes, I feel
sad. (He starts to weep). I feel angry sometimes. He’s the only
person who help me, he help me too much. I try to forget but it’s not
easy, I remember many things. If my father not die I would be with
him, I wouldn’t be here. My father loved me. He did so much for me.
In Somalia, hard to go to school, and he fight for me to go to school.
He’s my everything. He help me for everything.
Somali youth, detained 2 months
Study conclusions
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High level of premigration trauma exposure
 Potentially vulnerable population
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Even brief detention is associated with significantly higher levels of
PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms
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Men in detention just as distressed as women
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Reasons for high distress levels
• Disempowerment, loss of agency, uncertainty
• Isolation
• Being treated like a criminal
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Protective factors: Hope of a new and safer life