Charmonium II: Nuclear Collisions

Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory 1

Review of Yesterday

    Charmonium is a bound state of a charmed quark and antiquark The attractive force between them has two pieces   A Coulomb-like part, which dominates at short distances A spring-like part, which dominates at long distances The charmonium wavefunctions  Are Hydrogen-atom like   Can be described with H-atom like quantum numbers, e.g. 3 S 1 Drive the production properties Charmonium production  Is not a simple story  Cannot be understood without considering the color quantum numbers 2

Three Kinds of Confinement

1. Uncle Jake’s “two-to-five” stint in Leavenworth 2. Magnetic Poles: break a magnet in two, and you still have a N-S pair.

3. Quark confinement – free quarks seem not to exist, and only colorless hadrons are seen

.

#2 is often used as an analogy for #3 In my opinion, this is a bad analogy 3

Semi-Classical Quark Confinement

Yesterday’s not-too-terrible model of the quark-antiquark force law:

F



A r

2



Br

A spring-like part This piece comes from the non Abelian nature of QCD: the fact that you have 3-gluon and 4-gluon couplings.

A Coulomb-like part In QED, there is no gg this term is absent coupling, so This is just like QED:  

E



4

  

E QCD



4



QCD

(sometimes called the “chromoelectric” force) In the interest of full disclosure: The same thing happens with the quark-diquark forces. [Diquarks are also in a 3bar representation of SU(3)] There are MUCH better potential models than what I have shown. These models use the quarkonia spectra to fit their parameters.

4

More Quark Confinement

 Start with a quark antiquark pair  Pull them apart, and the color lines stretch. Potential energy increases by ½Br 2  You can think of these color lines as “strings” connecting the quarks  Eventually, ½Br 2 > ~m( one can pop an antiquark-quark pair from the vaccuum  ) and  Instead of a free quark, now you have two colorless hadrons This is not the way to observe free quarks – ironically, one of the best things to do is the reverse. You try and get the quarks close to each other – so as is small. This is called “asymptotic freedom” and is the subject of another talk.

5

Deconfinement

  Suppose we repeat the same experiment in an environment gradually increasing the surrounding energy density    The additional energy needed to pop a quark-antiquark pair decreases It becomes progressively easier to “break the string” holding quarks together The quarks act more and more like free particles  The other ends of their “color/glue strings” dance from quark to quark  Having the quark connected to an ensemble of particles (instead of just one) causes it to behave more like a free quark  From experience, I can say working for seven bosses is like working for yourself. It’s the same for quarks.

We have a deconfined state  a quark gluon plasma Last talk – the left hand piece of the force law This talk – the right hand piece 6

Phases of Nuclear Matter

From the Nuclear Physics Wall Chart (“You don’t have to be a nuclear physicist to understand nuclear science”) In a QGP, the coulomb part of the interaction dominates; the confinement part is overcome by the many nearby color charges.

7

What Is A Quark-Gluon Plasma?

My recollection of what a QGP was supposed to be prior to RHIC data, was a thermally and chemically equilibrated system of non interacting quarks and gluons which were deconfined over distance scales much larger than a typical hadron. Lanny Ray, University of Texas … very hot, dense matter can dissolve into a mass of loosely associated quarks and gluons known as a quark-gluon plasma, or QGP, where particles would behave differently than they do in normal nuclei – Physical Review Focus Physicists believe that RHIC collisions will compress and heat the gold nuclei so much that their individual protons and neutrons will overlap, creating an enormously energetic area where, for a brief time, a relatively large number of free quarks and gluons can exist. This is the quark-gluon plasma. – BNL Public Web Page In … ordinary matter … quarks are never free of other quarks or gluons … at the heart of these collisions, the ties that bind quarks and gluons may have melted, creating a soup-like plasma of free-floating individual particles – LBL Public Web Page

Many opinions – but deconfinement is a (the) common thread

8

Reaching the QGP

Two beams of nuclei traveling towards each other.

(in the COM frame) There exist both fixed target and colliding beam experiments.

Upon collision, the pressure and energy density is enormous.

If large enough, a deconfined state is produced.

As the system expands and cools, Hadrons form and leave the interaction region.

Detectors measure these hadrons and infer the collision properties.

See S. Bass’ talk 9

Some QGP Questions

     Is this actually a phase?

 Is there a phase transition?

  What is the order paramater?

Is this a 1 st order or 2 there a latent heat?

nd order phase transition? Is Or just a “state”?

 An analogy might be a block of glass, a piece of fiberglass insulation and a pile of sand  Macroscopically, very different properties, but not because of properties at the microscopic level Is QGP an event-wide phenomenon?

 Is it all or nothing within an event? Or is there a mixed phase?

  With a specific set of initial conditions, do you always form a QGP, or are there two categories of an event: events with and without a QGP Is there a discontinuity?

What are the exact conditions required to form a QGP?

How are you sure you’ve made one?

These questions will occupy the experimental programs for some time to come.

(i.e. I don’t have answers) The hints that have been obtained from the SPS and RHIC so far point to a rich and complex phenomenon.

10

Charmonium Suppression

  Start with a J/ y   This works with other charmonium states as well The J/ y is easiest to observe – lamppost physics Put it in a sea of color charges   The color lines attach themselves to other quarks  This forms a pair of charmed mesons These charmed mesons “wander off” from each other  When the system cools, the charmed particles are too far apart to recombine  Essentially, the J/ y has melted Often called Debye screening, in analogy with E&M 1.

3.

2.

c.f. Matsui & Satz (1986) 11

More on Charmonium Suppression

 

Another way of looking at it is in terms of energy density:

 When the energy density is large enough, the color string between the quark and antiquark pair can break  This is exactly the same condition that causes quarks in hadrons to deconfine in a plasma  A simple (simplistic?) view is “All hadrons melt. The J/ y is a hadron.”

The more color charges that can get between the charmed quark and antiquark, the more the attraction is disrupted

 It’s easier to “melt” large hadrons than small ones:  The y (2S) is bigger than the J/ y (radial quantum number k = 2 vs. k = 1)   The J/ y is bigger than the upsilon family, and so on This provides a very interesting prediction that can be tested experimentally 12

The NA50 experiment

A closed-geometry muon spectrometer, like many early charmonium experiments.

(see yesterday’s talk) 13

The Plot That Got Everyone Excited

From the CERN NA50 Experiment This is a complicated plot: there is a lot of information in a small space!

I will spend the next few slides going through it.

14

How Excited?

A NEW FORM OF NUCLEAR MATTER

has been detected at the CERN lab in Geneva – Physics News #470

CERN claims quark-gluon first

10 February 2000

physics

web

First data on the quark-gluon plasma reported at CERN

Europhysics News

'Little Bang' creates cosmic soup – BBC News Britney Spears set to release second album

- Newsweek

15

The y-axis

     (

AB

 

J

( / y

AB

) 

BF

 (

J



DY

/ y )   ) The plot uses the ratio of the measured numbers of J/ y ’s normalized to Drell-Yan dimuons A nucleus is a hadron – a big hadron  It has p.d.f’s, just like nucleons (and mesons too!)  G(x) for a nucleus may or may not be simply A x G(x) for a nucleon  Complications: shadowing, anti-shadowing, Cronin effect… [see Dave Soper’s talk] Normalizing to Drell-Yan is a good idea because  It tries to compensate for the fact that a nucleon in a nucleus is different from a free nucleon  The dimuon final state is similar to the J/ y signal – many systematics cancel Normalizing to Drell-Yan is a bad idea because  Drell-Yan is an quark-antiquark induced process  J/ y production is a gluon-gluon induced process Despite the problems this normalization procedure probably does more good than harm.

16

The x-axis

   The x-axis is conceptually simple: the average distance the J/ y travels through the medium   The amount of J/ y distance it travels dissociation should be proportional to the The sudden drop in yield is then interpreted as an increase in the J/ y dissociation probability per unit length Unfortunately, this is not a directly measured quantity  It has to be inferred   Not everyone is happy with the chain of reasoning leading to this inference Averages of distributions can be misleading  F() may not equal .

Eventually NA50 dropped it  Later measurements are plotted against more directly measured quantities 17

The Problem of Impact Parameter

b

is large In a glancing blow or “peripheral” collision, not much of excitement happens.

In a head on or “central” collision, there is a lot of energy transferred – forming a QGP?

b

is small Impact parameter cannot be measured directly. So experiments have to use a measured quantity as a proxy for impact parameter: multiplicity, total transverse energy, etc… 18

Estimating Centrality

Many forward neutrons: MID -central collisons

Increasing Multiplicity in Detector

Few forward neutrons – EITHER a peripheral or a highly central collision 19

Another Plot that Caused Excitement

This is the ratio of the y (2S) production relative to the J/ y . Note that you always have more suppression – exactly what you expect in a QGP y (2S) suppression than J/ y Also from the CERN NA50 Experiment This is S-U data; it was Pb Pb that showed the large J/ y suppression Apology: there was a lot more going around CERN at that time than just the J/ y suppression story.

Even though I’m going to concentrate on one part of the story, there’s a lot more that I am not going to talk about.

20

The Line on The Plot

   Even ignoring the last point, it’s clear that the J/ y yield relative to Drell-Yan is falling as the nuclei get heavier.

This is called “A-dependence”, and it is often parameterized as  ~ A a What the plot shows is for light nuclei, there is already some J/ y suppression The point of the NA50 data is not that there was J/ y suppression at all. The point was that there was too much in Pb-Pb collisions. The argument was quantitative, not qualitative.

This point often got lost by non-experts trying to understand and evaluate the NA50 results.

21

J/

y

A-dependence

1.1

1.05

1 0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

10 NA-3 NA-38 E-772 E-789 E-537 15 20 25 30

Center of Mass Energy (GeV)

35 The best fit is something like a ~ 0.92

The y (2S) has a similar A-dependence (see next slide) 40 45 Drell Yan Open Charm 22

NA-50 y

(2S) A-dependence

  y (2S) measurements are a tough business    Yield is only ~2% of the J/ y In a closed-geometry/high-rate experiment, resolution smears the J/ y into the y (2S) and you have a shoulder, not a peak In an open-geometry experiment, you’re fighting the 2% factor.

A hard choice to make  The [  y (2S)]/[J/ of target A similar y ] yield ratio is roughly independent Conclusion: A-dependence is   Error bars still allow some difference in the A-dependence NUSEA has measured this as Da ~ 0.02-0.03

C. Lourenco 23

Understanding the J/

y

A-dependence

   Drell-Yan has a   ~ 1 Therefore the nuclear quark and antiquark p.d.f’s can’t have changed by too much Sum rules limit how much the gluon can change Open charm production has a  ~ 1 That tells us we are making about as many charmed quarks as before – they just aren’t ending up paired as J/ y ’s.

Inference: we are making as many J/ y ’s as a = 1 would predict, but they are disappearing in the medium  Remaining Hypotheses:  QGP  Absorbtion Even before we come to the last data point, there are mysterious goings-on with charmonium in nuclei.

24

J/

y

in Nuclear Media

  Could it be suppression from Debye screening?

  Note that the word “plasma” never appeared in my discussion Are there enough color charges in cold nuclear matter to dissociate a J/ y ?

 This is a quantitative question, and the answer appears to be “no”.

 More to the point – this model predicts a rather substantial and unobserved difference in A-dependence between J/ y and y (2S):  If a J/ y = 0.92, a y (2S) ~ 0.79 [based on relative size of hadrons] What else can this be?

  If this loss in yield is due to an interaction between the J/ nucelons, the cross section inferred is about 6 mb: a little larger than the J/ y itself!

y and  You will read that the J/ y is “blacker than black”: that’s not quite true; many of the comparisons of cross-section and size drop a factor of  . Nevertheless, the J/ y is quite black.

One would expect the tightly bound J/ y to be relatively non-reactive  An analogy from chemistry: a tightly bound helium atom is also non-reactive 25

Color Octet to the Rescue

   From the last talk…   Color Octet Model suggests that the charm-antiquark pair forms in a color octet state Later this state emits a soft gluon and forms the J/ y The suppression can occur at any time: it does not have to wait until the J/ y is formed A color-octet state will be very reactive    To take the helium analogy, He is very non-reactive But the He + ion is VERY reactive: it will oxidize oxygen!

This can explain the large cross-section  Before the J/ y is formed, you have an interacting octet precursor with a strong A dependence  After the J/ y is formed, the relatively inert J/ y sails through 26

CoMovers

   There’s [at least] one other source of suppression: co-movers: hadrons moving near the J/ y with small relative velocity.

You might ask “how can something moving slowly impart enough energy to disrupt a J/ y ?” It takes less energy than you think – all you have to do is (for example) flip the spin of one quark.

 Then you have turned a 3 S 1 J/ y into a 1 S 0 h c – invisible to the experiments.

hadron 1.

Hadron’s color field disrupts the J/ y .

3.

J / y Hadron approaches the J/ y .

J / y 2.

J/ y

Three phases of suppression

 Before    Before the J/ y formation Color-octet precursor interacts strongly, even with cold nuclear matter Gives rise to the observed A-dependence:  ~ A 0.92

 During   While the J/ y is in the nuclear medium This is the Debye screening signature of Matusi and Satz  After  As the hadrons escape the scene of the crime  Co-movers can disrupt or destroy J/ y ’s after they have exited the nuclear medium 28

Conclusions from NA50 and Aftermath

Warning: Personal Opinion Here

  Charmonium in nuclear media has a very rich phenomenology – richer than anticipated at the beginning of this enterprise. There is a lot of interesting physics going on!

 It’s hard to be “simple” and “interesting” at the same time.

The down side of this is that charmonium suppression is no longer the smoking gun than it was once thought to be. It’s still a powerful piece of evidence for understanding what is going on in nuclear matter.

 We have – for good or ill – moved past the phase where qualitative understanding is good enough. We need quantitative modeling of all three phases - before, during and after – so they can be compared them with data.

29

More Recent NA50 Data

  More data provides a clearer picture of what NA50 saw earlier The overall picture is similar, but there are more data points  That makes the transition look less abrupt.

 See next slide… L has been dropped in favor of a more “experimental” variable.

30

Do We Expect an Abrupt Transition?



There are multiple sources of J/

y

’s

 8½% come from y (2S) decays  Determined from yield in  channel + branching fractions  35-40% of them come from c  See Talk #1 decays 

The Debye screening model says that large mesons should be destroyed by the QGP more readily than small ones

  The y (2S) is bigger than the c ’s, which are bigger than the J/ y Barring overlap, there should be three transitions – not one 31

Next Steps: RHIC

   Our understanding of charmonium hadroproduction improved enormously once the Tevatron collider data entered the picture Similarly, heavy-ion physics now has a colliding beam accelerator, RHIC (at BNL) available to probe charmonium in nuclear matter RHIC  is a two-ring collider, able to accelerate nuclei as heavy as gold (A = 197) to 100 GeV/nucleon  Can (and does) accelerate different ions in different rings  has 4 experiments (STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS and PHOBOS) 32

The PHENIX Experiment

  Large Acceptance Colliding Beam Detector Emphasizes Leptons  Forward and Backward Muon Spectrometer Arms  Central 2-Arm high resolution electromagnetic calorimeter (for electron identification) Painful for me to say: I used to be the physics coordinator for STAR Probably the detector best suited for charmonium studies.

The Other RHIC Experiment 33

The Real PHENIX

Magnets and Muon Shielding 34

Other RHIC Experiments

  STAR     A 4  solenoidal detector (like CDF, D0, CMS…) Emphasizes hadron identification A calorimeter that is less capable than PHENIX’s  But with larger coverage Tracker is a Time Projection Chamber (TPC)  These have very slow readout  Makes triggering on the J/ y difficult BRAHMS & PHOBOS  Two small acceptance detectors STAR probably has the ability to “confirm” a PHENIX result.

BRAHMS and PHOBOS probably don’t have the acceptance/yield 35

Life at RHIC is Hard

A picture is worth a thousand words. I’ll let the pictures of PHENIX and STAR Au-Au events speak for themselves.

36

J/

y

in d+Au Collisions at PHENIX

ee

invariant mass  invariant mass

Yield is ~ 1250 events

Top: all data Bottom: wrong sign subtracted 37

Physics with J/

y

’s

 With many hundreds of J/ y ’s, PHENIX can measure distributions   Plots to the left show kinematics of J/ y production PHENIX is already moved from showing a signal to making measurements  Thus far, everything shown is for pp or dAu collisions  What about AuAu?

38

Go For The Gold! (Au-Au Collisions)

 PHENIX has a hint of a signal already of J/ y ’s in this year’s Au+Au collisions.

axes from present Au Au run…

 STAR wants very badly to show a similar plot:  I expect them to be able to do this eventually Once the signals have been established, both experiments will be investigating the yield of J/ y ’s, particularly as a function of collision centrality.

Theoretical predictions can and will be compared with these measurements as a way of characterizing the properties of the RHIC collisions: the yield is related to the color charge density.

Stay tuned!

39

Summary

 The good news: the phenomenology of charmonium in nuclear collisions is richer than anyone supposed  There is enough interesting physics going on to support a few dozen careers  The bad news: the phenomenology of charmonium in nuclear collisions is richer than anyone supposed  Things are not as simple as first supposed  The goal of the field has shifted from “discovering the quark-gluon plasma” to “characterizing the nuclear medium under extreme conditions”  This is a plus – we’ve moved past presupposing how things will behave and towards measuring and understanding what really happens   Charmonium is a critical probe in this wider effort RHIC data in Au+Au collisions is right around the corner 40