Transcript Document

Inspections and control in the
implementation of the
Air Quality Directive in Romania
Implementation of the Directive
2008/50/EC in Romania

Law 104/2011 on ambient air quality transposing Directive;

The law is enforced by the National Assessment and Management System
Air Quality (SNEGICA);
Components of SNEGICA:
- The National Air Quality Monitoring System (SNMCA);
- The National Inventory System of Emissions of Air Pollutants
(SNIEPA);
The National Air Quality Monitoring
System (SNMCA)
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Ensure the organisational, institutional and legal basis for the
activities of the surrounding air quality monitoring in a uniform
manner, in Romania;
Ensure the ambient air quality monitoring by the National Network
for Air Quality Monitoring (RNMCA);
RNMCA: - include sampling and measuring instruments placed in
fixed locations and related laboratory equipment;
- ensure data quality and quality control, compatibility and
comparability in system;
- ensures real time information on ambient air quality and
public information;
- ensures air quality data in order to accomplish the
reporting obligations in accordance with European legislation;
Brasov clutter
Air pollution level is influenced by all the factors of natural and anthropogenic,
effect of natural environment (climate, relief, vegetation, etc.) and human
framework (population, economic operators) is very important because it
determines the concentration of pollutants in ambient air;
Brasov clutter is located in a lowland area, bounded on the east by Ciucas
Mountains, south of the Piatra Mare, Bucegi, Piatra Craiului and Fagaras
Mountains ( the highest mountains in the country), and in the north eastern Baraolt mountains and that the depression of the rivers Olt and
Târnave;
Brasov is situated in the Burzenland, at an altitude of between 536 - 600 m, in
the Carpathians bend;
Brasov clutter
Brasov County
Climate
The climate of the Brasov depression is strongly influenced by local
geographical and physical conditions :
 climate regime with large thermal amplitudes and frequent thermal inversions;
 in the depression are increased nocturnal radiative cooling processes and
heating by insolation during the day;
 climate in Brasov clutter is continental – moderate;
 average air temperature recorded at monitoring stations in Brasov was
11.2 ºC, absolute maximum temperature is 29.3 ºC in August, while the
minimum -13.4 ºC in February;
 in Brasov city, the area is generally characterized by calm atmosphere, very
low wind speeds (>1,5 m/s)during the year;
 in winter ( November-February ) atmospheric circulation is low, cold air
masses remain in the valley where it is located congestion, causing thermal
inversion and sharp temperature minima;
 humidity in the agglomeration has annual average of 71%.
 rainfall values are 842 mm / year;
Anthropogenic data
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Demographic characteristics ( total population, density, age structure)
have a key role in the environmental condition;
Consumption determines the need for resources, goods and services
directly influence exerted pressures on the environment;
Brasov county over 70% of the population is urban, living in the
municipality 45% of the county population ( 227 961 inhabitants) and 63
% of urban residents, an average density of 849 inhab/km²;
In Brasov intersect majority of communication routes, which make the
connection between the northern regions of the South and the West
with the East. Brasov is also an important railway junction, the county
holding a high density of railways (62 km/1000 km ²);
Managing air quality in Brasov
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In recent years it has been a decreasing trend of emissions of air
pollutants, the risk of exposure to certain substances, such as sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and lead (Pb) was significantly reduced;
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However, due to the complex relationship between pollutant emissions and
ambient air quality was observed that the reduction in emissions not
caused always a corresponding drop in atmospheric concentrations for
PM10 and O3;
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Based on measurements made in the local Air Quality Monitoring in
Brasov were recorded exceedances of air quality targets for indicators O3,
NO2 and PM10;
The main air pollutants grouped
according to their impact on human
health, ecosystems and climate change
Point pollutants are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide
(CO), ammonia (NH3 ), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals (HM).
Air Quality Monitoring in Brasov
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Since 2009 the Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with
local governments have developed and implemented an integrated
program of air quality management in clutter Brasov, where it is
necessary to reduce the concentration of PM10 and nitrogen dioxide;
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Pollutants monitored, measurement methods, the limit values, alert
thresholds and information have been established in national
legislation on the protection of the atmosphere and meet European
regulations;
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Special measures have been implemented to reduce emissions at
source and reduce exposure;
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It is necessary to further implementation of air quality management
plans at the local level , including initiatives such as the declaration of
low emission zones or congestion charging in areas with polluted air,
or reducing motorized transport;
Local Network Monitoring Air Quality
in Brasov
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Ambient air quality is monitored in the Local Network Air Quality Monitoring
Brasov (RLMCA ) managed by the LEPA Lab;
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Two urban traffic stations: stations BV1, BV3 - located in high traffic areas;
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Urban background station : station BV2 - located in the residential area to
highlight the exposure of the population to the urban pollution;
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Suburban station: station BV4 - Sânpetru village - with the objective
assessment of population exposure to ozone and vegetation at the edge of
congestion;
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Industrial background Station: station BV5 - whose location has resulted in
the preliminary assessment of air quality to highlight the influence of
industrial emissions on the pollution level in the south of the municipality;
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Local server EPA Brasov, consoles for public information, electronic panel;
RLMCA Brasov
Monitoring station
Electronic panel
Information consoles
Monitoring actions
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The monitoring stations in Brasov, part of the national network of air
quality monitoring, continuous measurements were performed for:
sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5) automatically (by
orthogonal nephelometry) and gravimetric, ozone (O3) and organic
ozone precursors (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, mxylene and p-xylene);
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To characterize the sampling conditions and correlate the
concentration of pollutants with sources of pollution were recorded
continuously relevant forecast values for the following parameters:
wind direction and speed, temperature, pressure, humidity,
precipitation and solar radiation intensity;
Reference methods for monitoring
pollutants in the local air quality
monitoring in Brasov
Nr
Crt
Pollutant
Method of
determination
Standard
1
Sulphur dioxide
Ultraviolet
fluorescence method
EN 14212-2007 Ambient air quality-standard method for measuring
the concentration of sulphur dioxide by ultraviolet fluorescence in
2
nitrogen oxides
chemiluminescence
method
EN 14211-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for the
measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen
oxides by chemiluminescence
3
Carbon monoxide
dispersive infrared
spectrometric
method
EN 14626-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for
measurement of the concentration of carbon monoxide by nondispersive infrared spectroscopy
4
Ozone
UV photometric
EN 14625-2007 Ambient air quality - Standard method for
measurement of ozone by ultraviolet photometry
5
Particulate matter
PM 10
gravimetric
EN 12401-2002 Air Quality - Determination of PM10 particulate
matter - Reference method and field test procedure to demonstrate
reference equivalence of measurement methods reference
6
Particulate matter
PM 2,5
gravimetric
EN 14907:2005 Standard gravimetric measurement method for
determining the mass fraction of PM2 , 5 in particulate matter
7
Benzene
Gas chromatography
EN 14662-2007 Part 3 - Ambient air quality - Standard method for
measurement of benzene concentrations
PM monitoring in Brasov
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Quality objectives
PM10 limit value: 40 g/m³ / year
PM 2,5 limit value: 25 g/m³ /year
Sources of PM: incomplete combustion in vehicle
engines and other combustion processes (burning for
residential heating, waste incineration, etc. ), industrial
processes ( metal ), but should be considered and
transport phenomena PM away, resuspension of
particles from the treatment sand or salt the roadway,
the cleanliness of roads and vehicles, and natural
sources;
Measures to reduce PM:
The introduction of EU standards on vehicles with
reduced emissions of CO , NOx, NMVOC and primary
PM from road traffic;
Implementation of directives in the field of industrial LCP
for large combustion plants and IPPC integrated
pollution control for led to substantial reduction of
industrial emissions of SO2 and NOx precursor gases
for PM;
Implementation of NEC directive on national emission
ceilings for emissions limits provides national
eutrophication acidifying gases or gases SO2, NOx and
NH3, which are precursors of PM;
The annual average concentration values of PM10
Year
Station BV1
Station BV3
Station BV4
2009
22,4 µg/m³
40,3 µg/m³
20,6 µg/m³
2010
23,0 µg/m³
30,3 µg/m³
16,9 µg/m³
2011
26,0 µg/m³
35,7 µg/m³
20,4 µg/m³
2012
25,3 µg/m³
40,2 µg/m³
20,4 µg/m³
The annual average concentration values of PM 2,5
Year
The average
annual µg/m3
Maximum average
daily, µg/m3
2009
15,0
98,2
2010
14,5
80,7
2011
21,8
82,7
2012
15,3
108,5
Monitoring O3 in Brasov
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Quality objectives
Information threshold: 180 g/m³ /hour
Alert threshold: 240 g/m³ /hour (measured or
predicted 3 hours conseccutiv);
Photochemical ozone formation depends on the
weather conditions and the concentrations of
nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds
present in ambient air;
Ozone concentration in urban areas, where they
generally emit higher amounts of NOx, is lower
than in the suburban area, as a result of the
reaction of O3 with NO emitted primarily from
road traffic.
Measures to reduce O3
Reducing VOC emissions from transport,
distribution and storage using vapor recovery
units as a result of the implementation of
Directive VOCs in gasoline;
Limitation of emissions of COVNM from some
industry sectors;
The annual average concentration values for O3
Year
Station BV2
Station BV3
Station BV4
Station BV5
2009
24,0 µg/m³
13,5 µg/m³
67,6 µg/m³
29,8 µg/m³
2010
17,4 µg/m³
15,5 µg/m³
56,0 µg/m³
31,3 µg/m³
2011
-
17,8 µg/m³
55,1 µg/m³
-
2012
14,6 µg/m³
30,2 µg/m³
64,8 µg/m³
19,9 µg/m³
Monitoring NO2 in Brasov
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Quality objectives
Annual average: 40 g/m³
Alert threshold: 400 g/m³ (3 hours
consecutively measured or predicted);
Sources of NO2: Combustion processes take
place at high temperature (eg vehicle engines
and power plants);
In recent years the population, especially in
urban areas, has been exposed to high
concentrations sometimes exceed the hourly
limit value for the protection of human health;
Measurements in monitoring stations in the
municipality showed a general decreasing trend
in mean hourly NO2 limit value being exceeded
especially in stations located in high traffic
areas to suburban station BV4 lowest values
being recorded;
The values in the table above shows that NO2 is
not comply with the annual limit value, although
the concentration of NO2 in ambient air
decreased during;
For this reason the municipality is declared Air
Quality Management Area for nitrogen dioxide
Annual average NO2 concentration values
Year
Station
BV1
Station
BV2
Station
BV3
Station
BV4
Station
BV5
2009
40,8
µg/m³
54,4
µg/m³
63,2
µg/m³
13,1
µg/m³
44,5
µg/m ³
2010
38,0
µg/m³
47,5
µg/m³
42,2
µg/m³
11,9
µg/m³
27,9
µg/m³
2011
-
-
56,7
µg/m³
17,7
µg/m³
21,0
µg/m³
2012
25,7
µg/m³
48,5
µg/m³
35,5
µg/m³
-
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Monitoring of SO2 in Brasov
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Important sources of SO2 in ambient air are combustion
of fossil fuels and biofuels for residential heating or
power generation in thermal power plants;
Objectives set :
average hourly : 350 g/m³ (do not exceed more than
24 times a year);
daily average : 125 g/m ³ (not to exceed more than 3
times in a year );
Average annual concentrations at the five monitoring
stations are small, sulfur dioxide is not a concern for
public health in Brasov clutter;
Annual average SO2 concentration values
Year
Station
BV1
Station
BV2
Station
BV3
Station
BV4
Station
BV5
2009
6,7
µg/m³
6,1
µg/m ³
6,5
µg/m ³
5,4
µg/m ³
4,8
µg/m ³
2010
6,4
µg/m ³
5,4
µg/m ³
4,5
µg/m ³
-
-
2011
5,7
µg/m ³
-
5,7
µg/m ³
-
-
2012
6,3
µg/m ³
4,0
µg/m ³
8,3
µg/m ³
8,4
µg/m ³
7,1
µg/m ³
Monitoring of CO in Brasov
Annual average concentration values of CO
Quality objective :
10 mg/m³ - daily maximum 8-hour moving average;
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Year
Station
BV1
Station
BV2
Station
BV3
Station
BV4
Station
BV5
2009
0,34
mg/m³
0,41m
g/m ³
0,44
mg/m ³
0,23
mg/m ³
0,43
mg/m ³
2010
The concentrations of CO has higher values during the
winter , when the heating system work, within a
narrow range during the March-September;
0,31
mg/m ³
0,48
mg/m ³
0,42
mg/m ³
0,33
mg/m ³
0,27
mg/m ³
2011
0,39
mg/m ³
-
0,45
mg/m ³
0,25
mg/m ³
0,36
mg/m ³
Traffic stations were recorded the highest values;
2012
0,28
mg/m ³
0,49
mg/m ³
0,32
mg/m ³
0,28
mg/m ³
0,24
mg/m ³
The population in Brasov was not exposed to high
concentrations of carbon monoxide in the reporting
period;
Monitoring C6H6 in Brasov
Annual average concentration values of C6H6
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Sources: incomplete combustion, evaporation
of organic solvents used in various industrial
and evaporation processes during production,
transport and storage of products containing
benzene;
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Quality objective : 5 µg/m³ / year
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The population in Brasov clutter was not
exposed to high concentrations of benzene;
Annual average value calculated from the
available data did not exceed the annual limit
value of 5 mg/m ³ and upper assessment
threshold of 3.5 µg/m ³, but the stations are
located in areas with heavy traffic recorded
values were higher than the lower assessment
threshold of 2.5 µg/m ³;
Year
Station
BV1
Station
BV2
Station
BV3
Station
BV4
Station
BV5
2009
2,6
µg/m ³
3,5
µg/m ³
3,3
µg/m ³
2,4
µg/m ³
2,5
µg/m ³
2010
2,4
µg/m ³
2,8
µg/m ³
2,7
µg/m ³
2,3
µg/m ³
-
-
1,8
µg/m ³
-
2,7
µg/m ³
2,3
µg/m ³
2011
2012
2,1
µg/m ³
2,9
µg/m ³
2,1
µg/m ³
Monitoring of heavy metals
Quality objectives for heavy metals :
- lead 5 µg/m³ / year
- nickel 20 ng/m ³ /year
- cadmium 5 ng/m ³ /year
The population in Brasov clutter was not exposed to high concentrations of heavy metals
The average annual concentration levels of heavy metals
Year
Station BV 1
Pb,
µg/m³
Station BV 3
Station BV 4
Ni,
ng/m³
Cd,
ng/m³
Pb,
µg/m ³
Ni,
ng/m³
Cd,
ng/m³
Pb,
µg/m ³
Ni,
ng/m³
Cd,
ng/m³
2009
0,0358
5,2
0,47
0,0309
5,3
0,84
0,0234
2,4
0,40
2010
0,0264
5,2
0,82
0,0281
3,7
1,01
0,0143
4,8
0,48
2011
0,0369
3,9
0,90
0,0349
3,2
1,17
0,0186
2,1
0,46
2012
0,0177
4,4
0,66
0,0239
5,1
1,04
0,0139
4,2
0,42
Monitoring and reporting
National Environmental Guard in cooperation with LEPA Brasov, monitors
the implementation of measures of the Integrated Air Quality
Management;
LEPA Brasov called responsible for implementation, information on the
state of the PIGCA measures and report on the state of measures to
reduce concentrations of NO2, PM10 and SO2 limit values for their
classification;
LEPA, based on recorded data processing, will inform NEG about the
situations in excess of air quality objectives, indicating the station
where it was recorded the exceeded value;
Inspections and checks
In the annual plan of inspections approved by the General Commissioner
of the NEG, inspections are made to verify the implementation of Law
104/2011 and the obligations to the regulatory acts issued;
Checks timeliness targets on achievement measures in the action plans of
economic agents holding IMA and IPPC installations in Brasov clutter;
Making inspections are performed according to guidelines and criteria for
environmental inspections;
In 2012 Brasov County Commissionary, carried out a total of 394
inspections for instalations with environmental impact in Brasov clutter;
Penalties
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19 penalties were applied in the amount of 175,000 lei (39000 euro);
The main reasons that led to the sanctions: no regulatory acts, not
complying with emission values, not provide relevant information for
the reports, not realize the measures imposed by authorities, not taken
the necessary measures to prevent air pollution;
eg. Near Sanpetru village, there are two clay and ash deposits that
belong to a power plant; in the summer, ash was scattered by the wind
because the sprinkling system is not working. After several inspections
and penalties, sprinkler system was put into operation. Ultimately
deposits were closed;
Measures implemented
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Some industrial activities were relocated outside the city;
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Beltway of Brasov was performed;
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Passageways were performed and streets were paved;
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Roundabouts were built to ease congestion;
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Were removed from circulation transport vehicles which fail to meet
pollution standards;
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Were closed two slag and ash deposits of Brasov power plant;
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Residential buildings have been insulated;
References
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Law no.104 of 15 june 2011, on ambient air quality
(http://mmediu.ro/file/2012-1229_legislatie_calitate_aer_legea104din2011calitate%20aer.pdf )
Report on the State of the environment in Braşov County for 2010
(http://apmbv.anpm.ro/rapoarte_anuale_privind_starea_mediului-9547)
Air quality in congestion Brasov, Raport ethnic preliminary, March 2012
Regular reports on activities of Brasov County Commissionary