Transcript Introduction of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in China

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Technique and Methods in China
China National Environmental Monitoring
Center (CNEMC)
2013-10-22
Beijing, China
CONTENTS
• Monitoring standards and regulations
• Monitoring network and plans
• Routine monitoring method
• New monitoring method in future
Ambient air quality standard in China
• GB3095-2012 (issued 2012)
Averaging time
Annual
SO2
Daily
1-hour
Annual
NO2
Daily
1-hour
Annual
PM10
Daily
Annual
PM2.5
Daily
Daily
CO
1-hour
8-hour
O3
1-hour
Others: TSP, NOx, Pb, B[a]p
Primary standard
20
50
150
40
80
200
40
50
15
35
4.0
10.0
100
160
μg/m3(except CO)
Secondary standard
60
150
500
40
80
200
70
150
35
75
4.0
10.0
160
200
1. Standards and regulations
• Ambient Air quality standard
• GB 3095-2012
• Monitoring methods and regulations
• Technical regulation for ambient air quality index
• Technical regulation for selection of ambient air quality
monitoring stations
• Automated methods for ambient air quality monitoring
• Manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring
• ……
There are more than 40 regulations for
ambient air quality monitoring
1. Standards and regulations
MEP is now building a complete ambient air quality monitoring
regulation system to improve the monitoring program
2. Monitoring network and plans
• National ambient air quality monitoring network
CNEMC
Urban air
quality
1436
sites
in 338
cities
Regional
air quality
31 sites
present
National Ambient
Air Quality
Monitoring Network
Background
air quality
Acid
rain
Dust and
Sandstorm
Green
house
gases
15
sites
In all
431
sites
in
347
cities
82
sites
in 82
cities
31
sites
in all
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Locations of urban monitoring sites
There are 1436
urban sites from
338 cities
urban sites
2. Monitoring network and plans
• An urban air
quality
monitoring
site in Tianjin,
China
2. Monitoring network and plans
• An urban site usually represents an area of 25
km2 , and it was population originated
• Purpose of urban sites
• Judge the attainment of air quality standard
• Report the air quality information timely to public
• Assess the effects of air pollutants on human health
2. Monitoring network and plans
668 urban sites from 114 cities has reported air quality index hourly
AQI categories
Good
0-50
Unhealthy
151-200
Moderate
51-100
Very
Unhealthy
201-300
Unhealth
y for
Sensitive
Groups
101-150
Hazardou
s
301-500
2. Monitoring network and plans
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Locations of regional monitoring sites
There are only 31
regional sites, i.e.
one for each
province
65 other regional
sites will be built
during year 2013
to year 2015
regional sites
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Regional air
quality monitoring
site in Sichuan,
China
2. Monitoring network and plans
• A regional site usually represents an area of
20km×20km
• Purpose of regional sites
• Monitoring air pollutants at regional level
• Evaluate the effect of regional scale air pollution
prevention measurements
• Monitoring the transferring of air pollutants between cities
• Serve for the regional air quality warning and forecasting
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Locations of background monitoring sites
There are 15
background sites,
all located in
national natural
reserves
background sites
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Shen Nong-jia
background
site in Hubei
province,
China
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Purpose of background sites
• Monitoring air pollutants at background level
• Evaluate the effect of air pollutants on ecologic system
• Used for scientific research and international
cooperation
• A background site usually represents an area of
more than 50km×50km
2. Monitoring network and plans
• Monitoring parameters at each site
Parameters
/Equipment
Urban Region Backgrou Dust Acid
site
al site nd site
site rain
Greenh
ouse
SO2
▲
▲
▲
-
-
-
NO/NO2/NOX
▲
▲
▲
-
-
-
PM10
▲
▲
▲
▲
-
-
PM2.5
★
▲
▲
○
-
-
CO
★
▲
▲
-
-
-
O3
★
▲
▲
-
-
-
TSP
○
○
○
▲
-
-
Pb
○
○
○
-
-
-
VOCs/B[a]p
○
○
○
-
-
-
-
▲
▲
-
▲
-
○
○
○
○
-
-
-
▲
▲
-
-
▲
Precip./pH/EC,Ions
Lidar
CO2/CH4/NMTH
▲
Required
★
Required
in 2016
○
Optional
Not required
3. Routine monitoring method
• Manual monitoring methods for criteria pollutants
take a great part before year 2000
• Automated monitoring methods has gradually
been widely used after that
• Manual reference methods of PM were used to
audit and calibrate the automated instrument
3. Routine monitoring method
• Routine automated monitoring methods
Air pollutants
Monitoring method
SO2
Ultraviolet fluorescent method,DOAS
NO-NO2-NOX
Chemiluminescence detection method,
DOAS
O3
Ultraviolet photometric method ,DOAS
CO
PM10
Gas filter correlation/Non-dispersive
infrared absorption method,
β -ray absorption method, TEOM
PM2.5
β -ray absorption method, TEOM
3. Routine monitoring method
• Automated Instruments
• Abroad : Thermal fisher, Ecotech, API, Daxibi, ESA……
• Domestic: Xianhe, TH, Landun
• The domestic air quality instrument has had a
great development in recent years.
3. Routine monitoring method
• An urban
monitoring
site in Tianjin,
China
3. Routine monitoring method
• An urban
monitoring
site in Wuhan,
China
4. New monitoring method in future
• Methods:
• Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy
(MAX-DOAS)
• Lidar
• Applied areas
• Regional transmit flux of air pollutants
• Sand storm monitoring
• Emission sources and industrial areas monitoring
Remote monitoring technology
MAX-DOAS
Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy （MAX-DOAS）
平 流 层
对流层
仪器
观测角度
MAX-DOAS is a kind of passive spectrum technology, it received
solar spectra from different elevation angles. The absorption
spectrum could be resolved to obtain the columnar concentration
and profile of air pollutants (such as SO2 NO2 CO O3)
Flux research ：mobile MAX-DOAS
We can research the emission flux of a
single point pollution source or an
industrial zone by using mobile maxdoas
IFRS
Fluxi  Vwind VCDi Vcar ,i  ti
A
α
风向
Δx
（a）
方
C
动
Δy
运动方向
垂直住浓度
D
横截面
G
Δx
GPS
F
烟羽
B
H
Vehicle speed
B
F
观测方向
Wind speed
wind
profile
radar
E
运
FLUX
DOAS
向
Columnar
concentration
Imes
C G
（b）
Flux research ：mobile MAX-DOAS
Wind D
irecti
on
a. Point source ：
Through monitoring the stack plume cross
section at downwind direction by using mobile
max-doas, meanwhile, observing the
meteorological parameter, we can get the
emission flux.
v
factory
Flux＝∑Fluxi
风
b. industrial zone:
Through calculating the difference between the
厂3
Flux入
influx at upwind and outflow at downwind, we can
evaluate the net flux of an industrial area
Flux净＝Flux入－Flux出
区
域
厂1
厂2
Flux出
Remote monitoring technology
Lidar
激光雷达 (Lidar)
大气
信号
探测器
瞬态
记录仪
望远镜
计算机
激光器
Lidar is used to monitor particles in vertical direction, for
example in dust and sand storm monitoring
Remote monitoring technology
Spherical
Lidar
Non-Spherical
The initial emission laser was
linear polarized due to the Crystal
nature of laser medium.
laser
laser
Laser
echo
Laser
echo
the spherical particles do not
change the polarization
properties of laster echo while the
non-spherical particles have
obvious depolarization effects.
We can distinguish the spherical
particle and non-spherical particle
through the different
depolarization ratio.
Depolarization radio = P⊥/ P∥
coefficient of light extinction
Sand
storm
Ice cloud
water cloud
Local
pollution
Ice cloud
Sand
storm
water cloud
Local
pollution
depolarization ratio
Remote monitoring technology
Environmental Monitoring center can monitor the air pollutants columnar
concentration and reseach the transmission flux among dividual areas.
MAX-DOAS and Lidar were successfully
applied to air quality monitoring and forecast
during the 29th the Olympic Games in
Beijing ,the 53th World Expo in Shanghai, and
the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!