Transcript Kein Folientitel

EUSKAL HERRIKO UNIBERTSITATEA
UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY
eman ta zabal zazu
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ANIMAL CELL DYNAMICS
POLLUTION BY XENOBIOTICS :
BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY
DETECTION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS
Ibon Cancio
Alien species
Light
Noise
Smell
POLLUTION
Toxic compounds
Nutrients
XENOBIOTICS
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WATER
- Knowledge of the chemical products in the
Legal action against
environment
polluting factory
- Drawbacks:
* Requires selection of substances to be tested, it is
difficult and expensive
* It has little biological meaning:
toxic?
Synergistic, antagonistic effects?
BIOMONITORING
- Chemical analysis on biota
* Mussel watch, slug watch...
* Bioaccumulation: fraction of pollutants that is
accumulated in biological tissues
- Drawbacks:
* Still need to select substances
* Pollutants may not accumulate (be metabolised)
* Biological meaning? (does accumulation relate to a
possible impairment of animal performance?)
BIOMARKERS: LOOKING FOR
BIOLOGICAL ANSWERS
- THE MAIN AIM OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TOXICOLOGY IS TO KNOW THE EFFECT OF
POLLUTANTS ON POPULATIONS AND
ECOSYSTEMS:
Can we measure biologically exposure to
chemicals and the effects caused by them?
Ecosystem
Biomarkers
at different
levels of
organization
Community
Population
Organism
Physisological
* Specificity
* Speed
Cellular
Molecular
* Noise
* Ecological
relevance
BIOACCUMULATION: low water
pollutant concentrations may be
concentrated in biological structures
Cd
Cl
Cellular
structures
Biota
Cells
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR
BIOMARKERS
* DEFINITION: alterations at the molecular or
cellular level that indicate exposure to
contaminants and/or injuries induced by them
(McCarthy & Shugart, 1990)
- Quick responses that precede answers at higher
levels of biological organization
- Quantitative and qualitative relationships between
exposure and biomarker response
BIOMARKERS ARE APPLIED ON
SENTINEL SPECIES
CELLS AND TISSUES UNDER STUDY
Those showing high exposure to pollutants,
accumulation rates and responsiveness to
pollutants
Gonads
Gills
Liver
Dig. gland
SAMPLING STRATEGIES
*
*
*
*
Sampling points
Shipyard
*
River
coming from
Gernika city
STRATEGIES: ANIMAL TRANSPLANT
ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS THAT SCAVENGE
SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS OR THAT CHANGE
THEIR ACTIVITY UNDER EXPOSURE
* Organophosphorous pesticides inhibit brain
Acetylcholinesterase
* Organic pollutants induce enzymes of the
detoxification system (CYP450)
* Metals induce Metallothionein synthesis in cells to
sequester them
QUANTIFICATION OF METALOTHIONEIN
LEVELS
14.4 kDa
ST
MT
Cod
1
2
Cod
3
C
1h
1d
Turbot
7d
det
MT-level
(a.u.)
6
4
Control
0.01 ppm Cd
0.1 ppm Cd
2
1h
1d
7d
Detox.
* ORGANOTINS inhibit aromatase activity
Antifouling
paints
Aromatase
Testosterone
TBT
Estradiol
IMPOSEX, INTERSEX
IMPOSEX IN THE DOGWELK
Progression of
vas deferens and
penis growth in a
female dogwelk
POLLUTANTS ACCUMULATE IN
LYSOSOMES
* Induce changes in
the structure of
lysosomes
MUSKIZ
LIMANI
LSC - FIELD STUDY
Aegean Sea / Biscay Gulf
Polluted site
Reference site
OLYMPIADA
PLENTZIA
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION
Normal rat liver
Treated with PP
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS
Hypolipidemic drugs and other therapeutic agents
Herbicides
Plasticizers
Steroids
Food flavors
Crude oils and
petroleum
products
Solvents and
lubricants
Natural
products
ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS
Chemical substances that mimic female sexual
hormones
* Alter sex ratios of wild populations
* Impair reproductive performance
Normal testis
Intersex testis
VITELLOGENIN IN FISH
a biomarker of endocrine disruption
Liver
1
E2
2
Vtg
Female
gonad
Male fish exposed to environmental estrogens
express Vtg